| 1. |
- Lager, Susanne, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
Perinatal lack of maternal IL-6 promotes increased adiposity during adulthood in mice.
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Endocrinology. - : The Endocrine Society. - 1945-7170 .- 0013-7227. ; 152:4, s. 1336-46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The perinatal environment appears important in establishing metabolic phenotypes in adulthood. Mice deficient in IL-6 (IL-6(-/-)) tend to develop mature-onset obesity, but it is unknown whether perinatal exposure to IL-6 produced by the dam influences the metabolism of adult offspring. To address this issue, we monitored IL-6(-/-) offspring of IL-6(-/-) or IL-6(+/-) dams, as well as wild-type (WT) mice. At adult age, IL-6(-/-) mice weighed significantly more and had more body fat than WT mice, regardless of maternal genotype, and had lower insulin sensitivity. This phenotype was more pronounced in IL-6(-/-) offspring of IL-6(-/-) dams, because they gained weight significantly faster than IL-6(-/-) offspring of IL-6(+/-) dams and had more body fat and higher serum leptin levels at an earlier age. The leptin content was 2-fold higher in milk from IL-6(-/-) than WT dams. However, cross-fostering IL-6(-/-) mice with WT dams did not alter body weight, body composition, or adipocyte size at adult age compared with IL-6(-/-) mice fostered by IL-6(-/-) dams. Conversely, WT mice fostered by IL-6(-/-) dams weighed significantly more than those fostered by WT dams and had more body fat, larger adipocytes, and altered hypothalamic gene expression. We conclude that body fat of adult mice can be increased by perinatal exposure to factors affected by lack of maternal IL-6.
|
|
| 2. |
- Schéle, Erik, 1980
(författare)
-
Body fat regulating neuropeptides: relation to interleukines and gut microbiota
- 2012
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Previous studies have shown that mice lacking interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important cytokine in the immune system, develop obesity, and that central, but not peripheral, administration of IL-6 induces energy expenditure. These findings suggest that IL-6 suppresses fat mass through the central nervous system. The mechanism behind this, however, is not understood. The aim of this thesis was to investigate possible neurobiological mechanisms, by which IL-6, during health, could exert its fat suppressing effect. Using immunohistochemistry, we aimed to map the distribution of the IL-6 receptor α (IL-6Rα) in human and mouse hypothalamus. In IL-6 knockout mice, we measured the gene expression of key hypothalamic neuropeptides known to regulate energy homeostasis. In mice, IL-6Rα was present mainly on neurons, and was widely distributed throughout the hypothalamus. IL-6Rα was found in a large number of neurons in the fat suppressing arcuate nucleus (ARC) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), as well as in the fat promoting lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). We also found the IL-6Rα to be co-localized with several energy balance regulating neuropeptides in these hypothalamic sites, for instance with orexin and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) in the LHA. In humans, IL-6Rα was only found in MCH neurons, but virtually all MCH neurons contained IL-6Rα. Depletion of IL-6 reduced the expression of the fat suppressing neuropeptides corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and oxytocin, as well as of arginine-vasopressin (AVP). In addition, we found IL-6Rα on neurons that produce these neuropeptides. This indicates that IL-6 could directly act on these neurons to increase the expression of CRH, oxytocin and AVP. Depletion of IL-6 induced the expression of the fat suppressing cytokine IL-1. In addition, IL-6 expression was reduced in mice with IL-1 receptor 1 knockout. This indicates that, in the hypothalamus, IL-1 receptor 1 signaling increase IL-6 expression, while IL-6 decreases IL-1 expression. Based on our findings in this thesis we speculate that IL-6 could act on several hypothalamic neurons and sites involved in energy homeostasis to increase energy expenditure and eventually weight loss in mice, while a similar effect could by exerted via the pro-obesity neuropeptide MCH in humans. Previous studies show that gut microbiota contributes to obesity, in part by facilitating nutritional uptake, but probably also through other mechanisms. We aimed to investigate possible effects of gut microbiota on central energy balance regulation. We measured the gene expression of several important energy balance regulating neuropeptides in the hypothalamus and brainstem of germ free mice. The fat suppressing neuropeptides glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was downregulated in the presence of gut microbiota, which could explain the elevated fat mass. In addition, we found that mice with gut microbiota were less sensitive to leptin, providing another mechanism by which gut microbiota could increase fat mass. In conclution, our findings are in line the assumption that components of the immune system and the commensal gut microbiota can affect fat mass in part via energy balance-regulating circuits in the brain.
|
|
| 3. |
- Schéle, Erik, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Interleukin-6 Receptor alpha is Co-localised with Melanin-Concentrating Hormone in Human and Mouse Hypothalamus
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Neuroendocrinology. - : Wiley. - 0953-8194. ; 24:6, s. 930-943
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interleukin (IL)-6 deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity. Furthermore, i.c.v. administration of IL-6 increases energy expenditure, suggesting that IL-6 centrally regulates energy homeostasis. To investigate whether it would be possible for IL-6 to directly influence the energy homeostasis via hypothalamic regulation in humans and rodents, we mapped the distribution of the ligand binding IL-6 receptor a (IL-6Ra) in this brain region. In the human hypothalamus, IL-6Ra-immunoreactivity was detected in perikarya and first-order dendrites of neurones. The IL-6Ra-immunoreactive (-IR) neurones were observed posterior to the level of the interventricular foramen. There, IL-6Ra-IR neurones were located in the lateral hypothalamic, perifornical, dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas, the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus and in the zona incerta. In the caudal part of the hypothalamus, the density of the IL-6Ra-IR neurones gradually increased. Double-labelling immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that IL-6Ra immunoreactivity was localised in the same neurones as the orexigenic neuropeptide, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). By contrast, IL-6Ra-immunoreactivity was not observed in the orexin B-IR neurones. To determine whether the observed expression of IL-6Ra is evolutionary conserved, we studied the co-localisation of IL-6Ra with MCH and orexin in the mouse hypothalamus, where IL-6Ra-immunoreactivity was present in numerous MCH-IR and orexin-IR neurones. Our data demonstrate that the MCH neurones of the human hypothalamus, as well as the MCH and orexin neurones of the mouse hypothalamus, contain IL-6Ra. This opens up the possibility that IL-6 influences the energy balance through the MCH neurones in humans, and both MCH and orexin neurones in mice.
|
|
| 4. |
- Schéle, Erik, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Interrelation between interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and body fat regulating circuits of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of neuroendocrinology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2826 .- 0953-8194. ; 25:6, s. 580-589
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are immune modulating cytokines that also affect metabolic functions, as both IL-1 receptor I deficient (IL1RI -/-) and IL-6 deficient (IL-6 -/-) mice develop late-onset obesity and leptin resistance. Both IL-1 and IL-6 appear to target the central nervous system (CNS) to increase energy expenditure. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) is a major relay between the periphery and CNS in body fat regulation, e g by being a target of leptin. We aimed to investigate possible mechanisms for the effects exerted by endogenous IL-1 and IL-6 on body fat at the level of the ARC, as well as possible interactions between IL-1 and IL-6. Therefore, we measured the gene expression of neuropeptides of the ARC involved in energy balance in IL-1RI -/- and IL-6-/- mice. We also investigated the interactions between expression of IL-1 and IL-6 in these mice, and mapped IL-6 receptor α (IL-6Rα) in the ARC The expression of the obesity promoting peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY), found in ARC, was increased in IL-1RI -/- mice. The expression of NPY and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), known to be co-expressed with NPY in ARC neurons, was increased in cold exposed IL-6 -/- mice. IL-6Rα immunoreactivity was densely localized in the ARC, especially in the medial part, and there partly found in NPY positive cell bodies and also α-MSH positive cell bodies. The expression of hypothalamic IL-6 was decreased in IL-1RI -/- mice, while IL-1ß expression was increased in IL-6 -/- mice. The present results indicate that depletion of the activity of the fat suppressing cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 in knockout mice can increase the expression of the obesity promoting neuropeptide NPY in the ARC. Depletion of IL-1 activity suppresses IL-6 expression, and IL-6Rα -like immunoreactivity is present in neurons in the medial ARC including neurons containing NPY. Therefore, IL-6, IL-1 and NPY/AgRP could interact at the level of the hypothalamic ARC in regulation of body fat. © 2013 British Society for Neuroendocrinology.
|
|
| 5. |
- Schéle, Erik, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
The gut microbiota reduces leptin sensitivity and the expression of the obesity-suppressing neuropeptides proglucagon (Gcg) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) in the central nervous system.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Endocrinology. - : The Endocrine Society. - 1945-7170 .- 0013-7227. ; 154:10, s. 3643-51
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gut microbiota contributes to fat mass and the susceptibility to obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. To investigate whether the gut microbiota affects hypothalamic and brainstem body fat-regulating circuits, we compared gene expression of food intake-regulating neuropeptides between germ-free and conventionally raised (CONV-R) mice. We found that CONV-R mice had decreased expression of the antiobesity neuropeptide glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) precursor proglucagon (Gcg) in the brainstem. Moreover, in both the hypothalamus and the brainstem, CONV-R mice had decreased expression of the antiobesity neuropeptide brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf). CONV-R mice had reduced expression of the pro-obesity peptides neuropeptide-Y (Npy) and agouti-related protein (Agrp), and increased expression of the antiobesity peptides proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (Cart) in the hypothalamus. The latter changes in neuropeptide expression could be secondary to elevated fat mass in CONV-R mice. Leptin treatment caused less weight reduction and less suppression of orexigenic Npy and Agrp expression in CONV-R mice compared with germ-free mice. The hypothalamic expression of leptin resistance-associated suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (Socs-3) was increased in CONV-R mice. In conclusion, the gut microbiota reduces the expression of 2 genes coding for body fat-suppressing neuropeptides, Gcg and Bdnf, an alteration that may contribute to fat mass induction by the gut microbiota. Moreover, the presence of body fat-inducing gut microbiota is associated with hypothalamic signs of Socs-3-mediated leptin resistance, which may be linked to failed compensatory body fat reduction.
|
|
