| 1. |
- Evans, Jacqueline, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol and interrogations: Does intoxication increase the risk of self-incrimination?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Poster presented at at the 2022 Convention of the American Psychological Association (APA) conference, Minneapolis, USA, 4-6th of August 2022.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Law enforcement routinely interrogate intoxicated suspects in the U.S. despite the fact that very little is known about the effects of intoxication on interrogation outcomes. The intoxicated may be at particular risk for making impulsive decisions that focus on short-term consequences, including making incriminating statements or confessing. Experimental participants, who were randomly assigned to sober, placebo, or intoxicated conditions, engaged in the Cheating Paradigm (Russano et al., 2005). Their interrogations are being coded to determine if intoxication state impacted whether guilty and innocent participants provided incriminating statements. Findings have implications for theory and police practice when interrogating the intoxicated.
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| 2. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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A survey of police officers encounters with sober, alcohol- and drug-intoxicated suspects in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X. ; 28:5, s. 523-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol-related crimes are very common globally, including in Scandinavia. Despite this, no survey to date has examined the prevalence of alcohol- and drug-intoxicated suspects in Sweden specifically, or which procedures police use when interacting with this suspect group. Given the current lack of (inter)national policy guidelines on how to interrogate intoxicated persons, it is important to examine law enforcement’s contact with this potentially vulnerable group in different contexts. This was the aim of the present study. Data were collected via an online survey sent out to Swedish police investigators and 133 officers responded in total. A large majority (87%) of responses indicated that it was common or very common to encounter intoxicated suspects, but findings also suggest that police departments differ in their procedures for when and how to conduct investigations and interviews involving drunk suspects. Our findings support the need for (inter)national guidelines on how to interview intoxicated suspects and the need for more scientific studies on how alcohol affects suspect’s memory and decision making.
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| 3. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Police survey: Procedures and prevalence of intoxicated witnesses and victims in Sweden.
- 2022
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Ingår i: The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - 1889-1861 .- 1989-4007. ; 14:1, s. 11-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Despite the common occurrence of alcohol-related crimes, the Swedish police authority currently lacks national guidelines for dealing with intoxicated victims/witnesses. Method: A survey was designed to explore the police procedures when encountering intoxicated individuals and to compare the findings with international statistics. To facilitate international comparison, the survey was modeled after previous research and adapted to a Swedish context. A solicitation containing a link to the survey was emailed to all police regions in Sweden. Results: Police officers (N = 133) indicated that it was common to interact with intoxicated witnesses/victims. Some police departments had local guidelines on how to conduct investigative interviews with intoxicated individuals, but it was mostly up to each officer to make a subjective judgement regarding interactions with this witness group. Data evidenced that the high prevalence rate of intoxicated witnesses/victims in Sweden is similar to rates in Australia, the U.S. and U.K. It appears that the Swedish police are unaware of research concerning when and how to conduct investigative interviews with intoxicated witnesses and victims, a potentially vulnerable group. Conclusions: A closer collaboration between police and researchers is encouraged in order to develop guidelines for investigations with intoxicated individuals.
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| 4. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Police- suspect interactions and confession rates are affected by suspects’ alcohol and drug use status in low-stakes crime interrogations
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Low-stakes crimes related to alcohol and/or drugs are common around the world, but research is lacking on police–suspect interactions of such crimes. A large proportion of these suspects are intoxicated during interrogations, and many may have substance use disorder, making them potentially vulnerable to interrogative pressure. Methods: To address this lack of knowledge, the taxonomy of interrogation methods framework (i.e., 60+ interrogation techniques classified into five domains) and a common classification of question types (appropriate vs. inappropriate) were applied in the coding of written police interrogations. Two archival studies, one pilot (Study 1, N = 39) and one main study (Study 2, N = 97) analyzed police interrogations with suspects of alcohol- and drug-related crimes in Sweden. Results: For both Study 1 and 2, suspects showed signs of alcohol and/or drug intoxication, hangover or withdrawal in more than 50% of all interrogations. In Study 2, additional coding indicated that suspects displayed signs of substance use disorder in 57% of the interrogations. The main results from both studies revealed a large number of direct questions asked by the police across all interrogations, and relatively little use of the strategic interrogation techniques from the taxonomy of interrogation methods framework. In fact, when it came to interrogation techniques, law enforcement used more confrontational techniques in their interactions with intoxicated suspects compared to sober suspects. Furthermore, suspects displaying signs of substance use disorder were significantly more cooperative and prone to confess than suspects without indicators of substance use disorder. Conclusion: As the first novel study on low-stakes crime interrogations related to alcohol and/or drugs, the present study provides useful information about current Swedish interrogation practices and areas for improvement. The study results indicate that suspects displaying signs of intoxication or substance use disorder may be more vulnerable during police interrogations. This may in turn have the potential to inform the development of new interrogation policies. Due to the novelty of this research, more studies are needed, both on a national and international level, to examine interrogations in low-stakes crimes further.
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| 5. |
- Zajac, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Police interrogations with suspects of drug-related crimes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Oral presentation at the iIIRG (International Investigative Interviewing Research Group) conference in June 2022, Winchester, U.K..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Low-stakes crimes related to drugs and/or alcohol are common around the world, but research is lacking on police-suspect interactions during interrogations of such crimes. A large proportion of these suspects have substance use disorder, and many are intoxicated during interrogation, making them potentially vulnerable to interrogative pressure. Method: To address this lack of knowledge, the Taxonomy of Interrogation Framework Methods and a common classification of question types were applied in two archival studies, one pilot (Study 1, N = 39) and one main study (Study 2, N = 97) of police interrogations with suspects of drug- and alcohol-related crimes in Sweden. Results: For both Study 1 and 2, the suspect was intoxicated, hungover or experiencing withdrawal in more than 50% of all interrogations. In Study 2, additional scoring indicated that suspects displayed signs of substance abuse/dependence in 57% of the cases. The main results from both Study 1 and Study 2 revealed that, across all interrogations, there was a large extent of direct questions, and relatively few interrogation techniques. Most direct questions asked by the interrogators were consistent with evidence-based recommendations. However, when it came to interrogation techniques, law enforcement used more confrontational techniques in their interactions with intoxicated suspects, compared to sober suspects. Furthermore, suspects displaying signs of substance abuse were significantly more cooperative and prone to confess than suspects without indicators of substance abuse. Conclusions: Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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