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- Lo, Julia C., et al.
(författare)
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Explicit or implicit situation awareness? : Measuring the situation awareness of train traffic controllers
- 2016
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 43, s. 325-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research on situation awareness (SA) predominantly focused on its explicit, reasoned, conscious features rather than on the implicit, intuitive, unconscious aspects that are often identified with expert operators. This research investigated implicit levels of SA of train traffic controllers (TTCs) in order to contribute to the body of knowledge on rail human factors research and SA. A novel approach was used to uncover levels of implicit SA through a set of three analyses: (1) fairly low SAGAT values with correlations between SAGAT scores and multiple performance indicators; (2) negative correlations between work experience and SAGAT scores; and (3) structurally lower level-1 SA (perception) scores in comparison to level-2 SA (comprehension) scores in accordance with Endsley's three-level model. Two studies were conducted: A pilot study which focused on SA measurements with TTCs in a monitoring mode (N = 9) and the main study, which involved TTCs from another control center (N = 20) and three different disrupted conditions. In the pilot study, SA was measured through the situation-awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT), perceived SA and observed SA, and performance was measured through punctuality and unplanned stops of trains before red signals. In the main study, SA was measured through SAGAT, and perceived SA and multiple performance indicators, such as arrival and departure punctuality and platform consistency, were assessed. In both studies, the set of three analyses showed consistent and persistent indications of the presence of implicit SA. Endsley's three-level model and related SAGAT method can be constrained by the presence of these intuitive, unconscious processes and inconsistent findings on correlations between SAGAT scores and performance. These findings provide insights into the SA of TTCs in the Netherlands and can support the development of training programs and/or the design of a new traffic management system.
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| 2. |
- Paaske Utheim, Tor, et al.
(författare)
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Storage Temperature Alters the Expression of Differentiation-Related Genes in Cultured Oral Keratinocytes
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 11:3, s. e0152526-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Storage of cultured human oral keratinocytes (HOK) allows for transportation of cultured transplants to eye clinics worldwide. In a previous study, one-week storage of cultured HOK was found to be superior with regard to viability and morphology at 12 degrees C compared to 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. To understand more of how storage temperature affects cell phenotype, gene expression of HOK before and after storage at 4 degrees C, 12 degrees C, and 37 degrees C was assessed. Materials and Methods Cultured HOK were stored in HEPES-and sodium bicarbonate-buffered Minimum Essential Medium at 4 degrees C, 12 degrees C, and 37 degrees C for one week. Total RNA was isolated and the gene expression profile was determined using DNA microarrays and analyzed with Partek Genomics Suite software and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Differentially expressed genes (fold change > 1.5 and P < 0.05) were identified by one-way ANOVA. Key genes were validated using qPCR. Results Gene expression of cultures stored at 4 degrees C and 12 degrees C clustered close to the unstored control cultures. Cultures stored at 37 degrees C displayed substantial change in gene expression compared to the other groups. In comparison with 12 degrees C, 2,981 genes were differentially expressed at 37 degrees C. In contrast, only 67 genes were differentially expressed between the unstored control and the cells stored at 12 degrees C. The 12 degrees C and 37 degrees C culture groups differed most significantly with regard to the expression of differentiation markers. The Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly downregulated at 37 degrees C compared to 12 degrees C. Conclusion HOK cultures stored at 37 degrees C showed considerably larger changes in gene expression compared to unstored cells than cultured HOK stored at 4 degrees C and 12 degrees C. The changes observed at 37 degrees C consisted of differentiation of the cells towards a squamous epithelium-specific phenotype. Storing cultured ocular surface transplants at 37 degrees C is therefore not recommended. This is particularly interesting as 37 degrees C is the standard incubation temperature used for cell culture.
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