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- Golkar, A, et al.
(författare)
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Other people as means to a safe end: vicarious extinction blocks the return of learned fear
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 24:11, s. 2182-2190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Information about what is dangerous and safe in the environment is often transferred from other individuals through social forms of learning, such as observation. Past research has focused on the observational, or vicarious, acquisition of fears, but little is known about how social information can promote safety learning. To address this issue, we studied the effects of vicarious-extinction learning on the recovery of conditioned fear. Compared with a standard extinction procedure, vicarious extinction promoted better extinction and effectively blocked the return of previously learned fear. We confirmed that these effects could not be attributed to the presence of a learning model per se but were specifically driven by the model’s experience of safety. Our results confirm that vicarious and direct emotional learning share important characteristics but that social-safety information promotes superior down-regulation of learned fear. These findings have implications for emotional learning, social-affective processes, and clinical practice.
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| 4. |
- Lindstrom, B, et al.
(författare)
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Racial bias shapes social reinforcement learning
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 25:3, s. 711-719
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both emotional facial expressions and markers of racial-group belonging are ubiquitous signals in social interaction, but little is known about how these signals together affect future behavior through learning. To address this issue, we investigated how emotional (threatening or friendly) in-group and out-group faces reinforced behavior in a reinforcement-learning task. We asked whether reinforcement learning would be modulated by intergroup attitudes (i.e., racial bias). The results showed that individual differences in racial bias critically modulated reinforcement learning. As predicted, racial bias was associated with more efficiently learned avoidance of threatening out-group individuals. We used computational modeling analysis to quantitatively delimit the underlying processes affected by social reinforcement. These analyses showed that racial bias modulates the rate at which exposure to threatening out-group individuals is transformed into future avoidance behavior. In concert, these results shed new light on the learning processes underlying social interaction with racial-in-group and out-group individuals.
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