| 1. |
- Barros, Jaime, et al.
(författare)
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The cell biology of lignification in higher plants
- 2015
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Ingår i: Annals of Botany. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0305-7364 .- 1095-8290. ; 115:7, s. 1053-1074
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Lignin is a polyphenolic polymer that strengthens and waterproofs the cell wall of specialized plant cell types. Lignification is part of the normal differentiation programme and functioning of specific cell types, but can also be triggered as a response to various biotic and abiotic stresses in cells that would not otherwise be lignifying.Scope Cell wall lignification exhibits specific characteristics depending on the cell type being considered. These characteristics include the timing of lignification during cell differentiation, the palette of associated enzymes and substrates, the sub-cellular deposition sites, the monomeric composition and the cellular autonomy for lignin monomer production. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of lignin biosynthesis and polymerization at the cell biology level.Conclusions The lignification process ranges from full autonomy to complete co-operation depending on the cell type. The different roles of lignin for the function of each specific plant cell type are clearly illustrated by the multiple phenotypic defects exhibited by knock-out mutants in lignin synthesis, which may explain why no general mechanism for lignification has yet been defined. The range of phenotypic effects observed include altered xylem sap transport, loss of mechanical support, reduced seed protection and dispersion, and/or increased pest and disease susceptibility.
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| 2. |
- Blaschek, Leonard, et al.
(författare)
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Different combinations of laccase paralogs nonredundantly control the amount and composition of lignin in specific cell types and cell wall layers in Arabidopsis
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Plant Cell. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1040-4651 .- 1532-298X. ; 35:2, s. 889-909
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vascular plants reinforce the cell walls of the different xylem cell types with lignin phenolic polymers. Distinct lignin chemistries differ between each cell wall layer and each cell type to support their specific functions. Yet the mechanisms controlling the tight spatial localization of specific lignin chemistries remain unclear. Current hypotheses focus on control by monomer biosynthesis and/or export, while cell wall polymerization is viewed as random and nonlimiting. Here, we show that combinations of multiple individual laccases (LACs) are nonredundantly and specifically required to set the lignin chemistry in different cell types and their distinct cell wall layers. We dissected the roles of Arabidopsis thaliana LAC4, 5, 10, 12, and 17 by generating quadruple and quintuple loss-of-function mutants. Loss of these LACs in different combinations led to specific changes in lignin chemistry affecting both residue ring structures and/or aliphatic tails in specific cell types and cell wall layers. Moreover, we showed that LAC-mediated lignification has distinct functions in specific cell types, waterproofing fibers, and strengthening vessels. Altogether, we propose that the spatial control of lignin chemistry depends on different combinations of LACs with nonredundant activities immobilized in specific cell types and cell wall layers.
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| 3. |
- Blaschek, Leonard, et al.
(författare)
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Functional complexity on a cellular scale : why in situ analyses are indispensable for our understanding of lignified tissues
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-8561 .- 1520-5118.
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignins are a key adaptation that enables vascular plants to thrive in terrestrial habitats. Lignin is heterogeneous, containing upward of 30 different monomers, and its function is multifarious: It provides structural support, predetermined breaking points, ultraviolet protection, diffusion barriers, pathogen resistance, and drought resilience. Recent studies, carefully characterizing lignin in situ, have started to identify specific lignin compositions and ultrastructures with distinct cellular functions, but our understanding remains fractional. We summarize recent works and highlight where further in situ lignin analysis could provide valuable insights into plant growth and adaptation. We also summarize strengths and weaknesses of lignin in situ analysis methods.
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| 4. |
- Decou, Raphaël, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of lignin composition and distribution using fluorescence laser confocal microspectroscopy
- 2017. - 1
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Ingår i: Xylem. - New York : Humana Press. - 9781493967209 - 9781493967223 ; , s. 233-247
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignin is a polyphenolic polymer specifically accumulating in the cell walls of xylem cells in higher vascular plants. Far from being homogeneous, the lignification of xylem cell walls varies in deposition site, quantity, composition and macromolecular conformation depending on the cell wall compartment, cell type, cell developmental stage and plant species. Here, we describe how confocal microspectroscopy methods using lignin autofluorescence can be used to evaluate the relative lignin amounts, its spatial distribution and composition at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in both isolated cells and histological cross-sections of plant tissues.
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| 5. |
- Ménard, Delphine, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic incorporation of specific lignin residues controls the biomechanics of the plant vasculature and its resilience to environmental changes
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The accumulation of the cell wall polymer lignin in vascular cells enables long-distance water conduction and structural support in plants. Independently of the plant species, each different vascular cell type accumulates specific lignin amount and composition affecting both aromatic and aliphatic substitutions of its residues. However, the biological role of this conserved and specific lignin chemistry for each cell type remains unclear. Herein, we performed single cell analyses on plant vascular cell morphotypes to investigate the role of specific lignin composition for cellular function. We showed that distinct amounts and compositions of lignin accumulated in the different morphotypes of the sap conducting vascular cells. We discovered that lignin accumulates dynamically, increasing in quantity and changing composition, to fine-tune the cell wall mechanical properties of each conducting cell morphotype. Modification this lignin specificity impaired specifically the cell wall mechanical properties of each morphotype and consequently their capacity to optimally conduct water in normal but also to recover from drought conditions. Altogether, our findings provide the biological role of specific lignin chemistry in sap conducting cells, to dynamically adjust the hydraulic properties of each conducting cell during developmental and environmental constraints.
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| 6. |
- Menard, Delphine, et al.
(författare)
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Establishment and utilization of habituated cell suspension cultures for hormone-inducible xylogenesis
- 2017. - 1
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Ingår i: Xylem. - New York : Humana Press. - 9781493967209 - 9781493967223 ; , s. 37-57
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of inducible cell differentiation in suspension cultures led to multiple breakthroughs. It enabled the understanding of the chronology, duration, regulation and interdependency of the multiple events leading to fully functional specialized cells. The most studied cell differentiation in plants using inducible suspension cultures is the formation of tracheary elements (TEs) - the hydro-mineral sap conducting cells. Several in vitro systems established in different plant species have been developed to trigger TE formation on-demand. Here, we describe the establishment, harvesting and analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana stable habituated cell lines inducible by hormones to differentiate into TEs on-demand. Moreover, we explain the means to monitor and modify the chronology, duration and regulation of the progression of TE formation.
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| 7. |
- Ménard, Delphine, et al.
(författare)
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Inducible pluripotent suspension cell cultures (iPSCs) to study plant cell differentiation
- 2024. - 2
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Ingår i: Xylem. - New York : Humana Press. - 9781071634769 - 9781071634790 - 9781071634776 ; , s. 171-200
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inducing the differentiation of specific cell type(s) synchronously and on-demand is a great experimental system to understand the sequential progression of the cellular processes, their timing and their resulting properties for distinct isolated plant cells independently of their tissue context. The inducible differentiation in cell suspension cultures, moreover, enables to obtain large quantities of distinct cell types at specific development stage, which is not possible when using whole plants. The differentiation of tracheary elements (TEs) - the cell type responsible for the hydro-mineral sap conduction and skeletal support of plants in xylem tissues - has been the most studied using inducible cell suspension cultures. We herein describe how to establish and use inducible pluripotent suspension cell cultures (iPSCs) in Arabidopsis thaliana to trigger on-demand different cell types, such as TEs or mesophyll cells. We, moreover, describe the methods to establish, monitor, and modify the sequence, duration, and properties of differentiated cells using iPSCs.
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| 8. |
- Ménard, Delphine, et al.
(författare)
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Plant biomechanics and resilience to environmental changes are controlled by specific lignin chemistries in each vascular cell type and morphotype
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Plant Cell. - : Oxford University Press. - 1040-4651 .- 1532-298X. ; 34:12, s. 4877-4896
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The biopolymer lignin is deposited in the cell walls of vascular cells and is essential for long-distance water conduction and structural support in plants. Different vascular cell types contain distinct and conserved lignin chemistries, each with specific aromatic and aliphatic substitutions. Yet, the biological role of this conserved and specific lignin chemistry in each cell type remains unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of this lignin biochemical specificity for cellular functions by producing single cell analyses for three cell morphotypes of tracheary elements, which all allow sap conduction but differ in their morphology. We determined that specific lignin chemistries accumulate in each cell type. Moreover, lignin accumulated dynamically, increasing in quantity and changing in composition, to alter the cell wall biomechanics during cell maturation. For similar aromatic substitutions, residues with alcohol aliphatic functions increased stiffness whereas aldehydes increased flexibility of the cell wall. Modifying this lignin biochemical specificity and the sequence of its formation impaired the cell wall biomechanics of each morphotype and consequently hindered sap conduction and drought recovery. Together, our results demonstrate that each sap-conducting vascular cell type distinctly controls their lignin biochemistry to adjust their biomechanics and hydraulic properties to face developmental and environmental constraints.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Pesquet, Edouard, et al.
(författare)
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Non-Cell-Autonomous Postmortem Lignification of Tracheary Elements in Zinnia elegans
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Plant Cell. - : American Society of Plant Biologists. - 1040-4651 .- 1532-298X. ; 25:4, s. 1314-1328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Postmortem lignification of xylem tracheary elements (TEs) has been debated for decades. Here, we provide evidence in Zinnia elegans TE cell cultures, using pharmacological inhibitors and in intact Z. elegans plants using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, that TE lignification occurs postmortem (i.e., after TE programmed cell death). In situ RT-PCR verified expression of the lignin monomer biosynthetic cinnamoyl CoA reductase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase in not only the lignifying TEs but also in the unlignified non-TE cells of Z. elegans TE cell cultures and in living, parenchymatic xylem cells that surround TEs in stems. These cells were also shown to have the capacity to synthesize and transport lignin monomers and reactive oxygen species to the cell walls of dead TEs. Differential gene expression analysis in Z. elegans TE cell cultures and concomitant functional analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in identification of several genes that were expressed in the non-TE cells and that affected lignin chemistry on the basis of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. These data suggest that living, parenchymatic xylem cells contribute to TE lignification in a non-cellautonomous manner, thus enabling the postmortem lignification of TEs.
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