| 1. |
- Vono, M., et al.
(author)
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C-type lectin receptor agonists elicit functional IL21-expressing Tfh cells and induce primary B cell responses in neonates
- 2023
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In: FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-3224. ; 14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: C-type lectin receptor (CLR) agonists emerged as superior inducers of primary B cell responses in early life compared with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, while both types of adjuvants are potent in adults. Methods: Here, we explored the mechanisms accounting for the differences in neonatal adjuvanticity between a CLR-based (CAF (R) 01) and a TLR4-based (GLA-SE) adjuvant administered with influenza hemagglutinin (HA) in neonatal mice, by using transcriptomics and systems biology analyses. Results: On day 7 after immunization, HA/CAF01 increased IL6 and IL21 levels in the draining lymph nodes, while HA/GLA-SE increased IL10. CAF01 induced mixed Th1/Th17 neonatal responses while T cell responses induced by GLA-SE had a more pronounced Th2-profile. Only CAF01 induced T follicular helper (Tfh) cells expressing high levels of IL21 similar to levels induced in adult mice, which is essential for germinal center (GC) formation. Accordingly, only CAF01-induced neonatal Tfh cells activated adoptively transferred hen egg lysozyme (HEL)specific B cells to form HEL+ GC B cells in neonatal mice upon vaccination with HEL-OVA. Discussion: Collectively, the data show that CLR-based adjuvants are promising neonatal and infant adjuvants due to their ability to harness Tfh responses in early life.
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| 2. |
- Haukeland, J. V., et al.
(author)
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Trends in nature-based tourism
- 2021
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In: Nordic Perspectives on Nature-based Tourism. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781789904031 - 9781789904024 ; , s. 16-31
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nature-based tourism is a highly dynamic sector and subject to many trends and changes. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this chapter identifies broad global changes, so-called megatrends, that affect tourism in general and NBT in particular. Data from an online panel survey with experts from five countries who were asked to recognize the most prominent nature-based tourism trends in a 10 years’ perspective, is analyzed in the light of global drivers. The chapter concludes that issues related to sustainability, health and well-being, increased specialization and segmentation are the most noticeable and recurrent trends in nature-based tourism today.
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