| 1. |
- Canale, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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A comprehensive review on heat accounting and cost allocation in residential buildings in EU
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 2002, the European Union (EU) has promoted individual metering of energy consumption as an ef- fective tool to improve energy efficiency in buildings. In 2012, the Energy Efficiency Directive has set mandatory the individual heat accounting in buildings when centralized heating/cooling systems are present, when technically feasible and cost efficient. As a consequence, EU Member States adopted dif- ferent allocation rules mainly due to differences in building stocks and climatic conditions. This measure has led to a series of technical, legal and consumer protection issues which still need to be solved. In this paper, more than 130 publications have been analysed and critically reviewed, highlighting the dif- ferent approaches adopted in EU Member States concerning heat accounting and the related issues. To this aim, the authors focussed the following subjects: (i) the allocation rules adopted by EU Member States, (ii) the heat metering and sub-metering technologies, (iii) the cost-benefit analysis of individual heat metering and accounting systems. This review is useful for researchers since the existing regulation and technologies for heat accounting and their related potential are discussed together with the analysis of the existing gap in terms of technical standard and consumer protection. Finally, the analysis provides policy makers with several suggestions to improve transparency and reliability of allocation rules.
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| 2. |
- Siggelsten, Simon
(författare)
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Heat cost allocation in energy efficient multi-apartment buildings
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cogent Engineering. - : Cogent OA. - 2331-1916. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to analyse the accuracy of allocating heat cost by measuring the delivered amount of heat in an energy-efficient multi-apartment building with underfloor heating. The main issue with heat cost allocation is heat transfer between adjacent apartments, which means that purchased heat might not be the same as the used heat in an apartment. This study analyses the fluctuation of the energy consumption in 31 apartments during a time span of one month over four years. The fluctuation is presented as the standard deviation of the spreading. Most of the apartments show a large fluctuation, with the average standard deviation measuring at 3.47 kWh/m2. However, when examining the entire building as a complete unit, the standard deviation only amounts to 0.13 kWh/m2. The result indicates significant heat transfer between adjacent apartments.
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| 3. |
- Siggelsten, Simon
(författare)
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Individual Metering and Charging of Heat and Hot Water in Multi-Apartment Buildings
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Individual metering and charging (IMC) means that tenants in multi-apartment buildings should pay only for their own energy consumption, which gives an economic incentive for energy-conscious behaviour. In April, 2014, Swedish legislation about energy metering in buildings (SFS 2014:267) was passed by the Swedish Parliament as an implementation of the EU Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU. The legislation stipulates that energy costs have to be apportioned according to the actual energy use, with costs determined through energy measurement in individual apartments. Today only a few percent of Swedish multi-apartment buildings have IMC of heat and/or hot water. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse the applicability of IMC of heat and hot water in multi-apartment buildings on the basis of Swedish conditions. The research process started with a literature review, and was followed by interviews with tenants, landlords and board members in housing cooperatives. The process continued with development of models for investigating potential shortcomings regarding IMC. The applicability of IMC of heat and hot water is affected by lack of cost-efficiency and other significant shortcomings. While the main incentive for IMC is to save energy and thereby the environment, landlords are reluctant to introduce IMC because it is not cost-efficient. Most residents are positive to the basic idea of IMC, which is that the users pay only for their own consumption, but the shortcomings of IMC of heat affect the residents’ attitudes negatively. In energy-efficient buildings the shortcomings become especially significant. IMC has disadvantages, and only gives a marginal saving in costs, so IMC of heat is not being recommended in energy-efficient buildings. IMC of hot water does have savings potential, so it can be a useful tool in helping to achieve the European Union’s goal of nearly zero-energy buildings. However, IMC of hot water has also disadvantages, and measurement of water volume along with temperature should be considered.
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