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- Afshin, Ashkan, et al.
(författare)
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Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years
- 2017
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - : MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 377:1, s. 13-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem.
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| 2. |
- Mancio-Silva, Liliana, et al.
(författare)
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Nutrient sensing modulates malaria parasite virulence
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Macmillan Publishers Ltd.. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 547:7662, s. 213-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lifestyle of intracellular pathogens, such as malaria parasites, is intimately connected to that of their host, primarily for nutrient supply. Nutrients act not only as primary sources of energy but also as regulators of gene expression, metabolism and growth, through various signalling networks that enable cells to sense and adapt to varying environmental conditions. Canonical nutrient-sensing pathways are presumed to be absent from the causative agent of malaria, Plasmodium, thus raising the question of whether these parasites can sense and cope with fluctuations in host nutrient levels. Here we show that Plasmodium blood-stage parasites actively respond to host dietary calorie alterations through rearrangement of their transcriptome accompanied by substantial adjustment of their multiplication rate. A kinome analysis combined with chemical and genetic approaches identified KIN as a critical regulator that mediates sensing of nutrients and controls a transcriptional response to the host nutritional status. KIN shares homology with SNF1/AMPKα, and yeast complementation studies suggest that it is part of a functionally conserved cellular energy-sensing pathway. Overall, these findings reveal a key parasite nutrient-sensing mechanism that is critical for modulating parasite replication and virulence.
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| 3. |
- Masefield, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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The future of asthma research and development : a roadmap from the European Asthma Research and Innovation Partnership (EARIP)
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - : EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD. - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 49:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A coordinated European multi-stakeholder approach to asthma research Asthma is highly prevalent and associated with high morbidity and mortality. It affects 30-50 million people in Europe, often starting in infancy and persisting throughout life. Asthma is a major global health challenge, affecting more than 300 million people worldwide and at least 10% of all Europeans [1]. People with asthma live at risk of life-threatening asthma attacks, leading to over 500 000 hospitalisations each year. Approximately 5-10% of asthma cases are so severe that current treatments do not work. The Framework Programme 7-funded European Asthma Research and Innovation Partnership (EARIP; www.EARIP.eu) was established in 2013 to harmonise efforts to reduce mortality and morbidity from asthma by agreeing the most important research priorities across relevant stakeholders in Europe. This is essential to address the significant impact of asthma on the individual, healthcare systems and national and European economies, outlined in the accompanying editorial in this issue of the European Respiratory Journal [2]. EARIP produced an evidence- and consensus-based list of the research priorities (a "roadmap") and investment needed to reduce asthma deaths and hospitalisations. By identifying the priorities, a coordinated effort can be made to fast-track change to better manage, prevent and cure asthma [3]. The roadmap will be the foundation on which future EU, national and international research funding programmes can transform asthma outcomes throughout Europe. The roadmap is the product of a comprehensive multi-stage process, led by the European Lung Foundation and Asthma UK (figure 1) [4]. Multiple stakeholder groups informed the roadmap process to ensure scientific accuracy, clinical relevance and outcomes that reflect the priorities of patients and caregivers, with an overarching steering board. A final consensus workshop brought together 28 experts from 15 European countries comprising: patients, patient organisations, primary healthcare professionals (HCPs), secondary HCPs, researchers, industry representatives and policy influencers. A full list of the roadmap contributors is available at www.EARIP.eu/roadmap. The rest of this article describes its development and outcomes.
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