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- Sjöberg, Örjan
(författare)
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Shortage, Priority and Urban Growth: Towards a Theory of Urbanisation under Central Planning
- 1999
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Ingår i: Urban Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 1360-063X .- 0042-0980. ; 36:13, s. 2217-2236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extending previous work on urbanisation under central planning, this paper sets out from the economics of shortage to develop a model of urban growth in socialist societies. Implying a focus on the effects of investments on employment and hence urban growth, this model also takes the propensity of producers to hoard labour into account. Such behaviour, it is argued, generates continued employment expansions over and above that created by the original decision to invest. Furthermore, and unlike earlier work in this tradition, an attempt is made to account for regionally differentiated outcomes within individual economies. To this end, the notion of priority is introduced. The resulting model-delineating archetypal 'landscapes of priority'—not only captures the typical sequence of urbanisation experienced by many, if not most, of the former socialist states of Europe and Asia, but also indicates from where the economies in transition from central planning have to proceed.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Tammaru, Tiit, et al.
(författare)
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On the move: explaining migration patterns in Estonia during the transition period
- 1999
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Ingår i: International Journal of Population Geography. - : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 1099-1220 .- 1077-3495. ; 5:4, s. 241-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contrary to the indications of official statistics, recent research suggests that internal migration in Estonia may in fact be predominantly urban-bound. Applying a loosely structurationist approach to analyse sample survey data collected in 1997, this paper attempts to explore why urban areas are attractive as a destination, and why many migrants moving to urban areas, unlike those leaving for the countryside, fail to register. Differential urban-rural and regional development are the important factors helping to explain the nature and direction of migratory flows in Estonia during the transition period, while the (partial) removal of constraints operating in urban housing markets facilitates the decision to move. As for non-registration of residential relocation, the practice is mostly associated with migrants aged 35 or below. This is a group that, for a variety of reasons, has a rather special standing with respect to access to, and ownership of, residential property. This paper attempts to explore the migration patterns during the transition period in Estonia. A structuration approach was used to analyze data from the Estonian Statistical Office collected in 1997. Findings show that for migration between urban and rural areas, work-related reasons have been the most important motivating factor in urban growth during the transition period. Also considered are the family and education. In relation to sociodemographic structure of the population, men cite work, while women count family-related reasons, as the main motive for migrating. As to nonregistration, the most significant reason relates to issues of ownership. Because migrants are living in rented housing, it is not possible for them to register even if they desire to do so. Other reasons include "temporary", associated with study and work; "juridical", bureaucratic matters; and "multiple places of residence". This analysis, however, is incomplete because the attitudes and patterns of behavior have only partially or perfunctorily been related to the dramatic changes that have occurred in Estonian society. Proper statistical data are needed to help examine trends at a more disaggregated spatial level.
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| 4. |
- Tammaru, Tiit, et al.
(författare)
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Transitional statistics: Internal migration and urban growth in post-Soviet Estonia
- 1999
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Ingår i: Europe-Asia Studies. - : Taylor & Francis Ltd. - 1465-3427 .- 0966-8136. ; 51:5, s. 821-842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To illustrate our point, we here report the results of a study of migration patterns in one of the successor states, Estonia. We do so with a view to identifying the consequences of a change in reporting regulations and practices. To this end a survey of individual migration histories was conducted in 1997. This exercise, to the extent that it yielded a more reliable set of data than that which official statistics afford, indicates that post-Soviet migration data are little better than their Soviet-era predecessors: different but still deficient. The contrasts between our survey returns and officially reported statistics are outlined, as are the sources of divergence. As our findings indicate that something very different from that suggested by the compilations of the Estonian Statistical Office (ESO) is indeed taking place, in the end our work may provide some inputs for a more thorough understanding of how migratory flows and urbanisation processes are transformed during the transition period itself. Standard models and theories of internal migration and urban growth in Estonia have been developed. However, there remained a lack of statistical wherewithal to conduct the required kind of analysis. For instance, certain categories of migration are likely to have been underreported and it is clear that existing rules and regulations on how to report those moves that were registered were not always observed. This could be attributed to the fact that existing statistics may fail to account for the process they purposely capture. To illustrate, the authors report the results of a study of migration patterns in post-Soviet Estonia with a view of identifying the consequences of a change in reporting regulations and practices. To this end, a survey of individual migration histories was conducted in 1997. Overall, findings suggest that post-Soviet migration data are slightly improved in comparison with their Soviet-era predecessors: different but still deficient. It turns out that net domestic migratory flows are the reverse of what official statistics on registered residents suggest. The contrasts between the survey returns and the officially reported statistics are outlined, including resources of divergence. As the findings indicate that something is distinct from that suggested by the compilations of the Estonian Statistical Office is indeed taking place, this study provide some inputs for a more thorough understanding of how migratory flows and urbanization processes are transformed during the transition period itself.
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| 5. |
- Woube, Mengistu, et al.
(författare)
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Socialism and urbanization in Ethiopia, 1975–90: a tale of two Kebeles
- 1999
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Ingår i: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1468-2427 .- 0309-1317. ; 23:1, s. 26-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Where implemented, socialism and central planning have long been thought of as wielding powerful influence over the process of urbanization. Traits common to countries as diverse as China, the formerly socialist economies of Europe and third-world socialist regimes are frequently found; conversely, well-established patterns of convergence and divergence can profitably be used for analytical ends. However, by and large Africa has been overlooked by analysts of a comparative bent. As a result, on the one hand, potentially enlightening material may have been left unutilized. On the other, area specialists have often failed to avail themselves of comparative material. Based on the shortage economy approach to socialist urbanization, through the use of two local level case studies this paper endeavours to show how comparative insights can be used to illuminate issues of urbanization in socialist Ethiopia.
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