| 1. |
- Gripeteg, Lena, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Concomitant Associations of Healthy Food Intake and Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Coronary Artery Calcium
- 2018
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Ingår i: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9149 .- 1879-1913. ; 122:4, s. 560-564
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conflicting findings remain regarding associations between lifestyle behaviors and coronary artery calcium (CAC). We investigated concomitant associations of healthy food intake and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with CAC. Data from 706 men and women 50 to 64 years old from the Swedish SCAPIS pilot trial were analyzed. A CAC score was calculated using the Agatston method. A Healthy Food Index (HFI) was established using data from a web-based food frequency questionnaire. CRF was assessed from a bike exercise test. Regression analyses were performed with occurrence of CAC (dichotomous) and level of CAC score in patients with CAC (continuous) as outcomes. 58% had 0 CAC score. HFI was significantly associated with having no CAC (standardized coefficient β = 0.18, p <0.001) but not with level of CAC score (β = −0.09, p = 0.34). CRF showed no significant association with having no CAC (β = −0.08, p = 0.12) or with the level of CAC score (β = −0.04, p = 0.64). However, there was an interaction between HFI and CRF (β = −0.23, p = 0.02); for increasing levels of CRF there was stronger negative association between HFI and level of CAC score, reaching β = −0.48, p = 0.045 for the highest CRF level. In conclusion, these results emphasize the importance of a healthy food intake in combination with higher CRF to counteract CAC development.
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| 2. |
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Institutional adjustment for economic growth: Small scale industries and economic transition in Asia and Africa
- 2019
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- First published in 1998, this volume focuses on the special category of countries popularly referred to as ‘transition economies’ through an analysis of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and their role in Asian economies, with a view to assessing whether they could or should provide a model for African countries. The present volume explores the institutional peculiarities displayed by ‘transition economies’. These are economies which are undergoing a comprehensive and fundamental societal transformation with a view to creating a utopian communist society within the frame of a centrally administered economy, then a pluralistic society based on a market economy and the rule of law. Much of the debate on the economic performance of African LCD’s has focused on informal sector activities or on the imperative to achieve structural adjustment. By highlighting instead the challenges facing two of the least successful among the African economies-Ethiopia and Tanzania, both of which share a socialist past-this book moves beyond the above issues. It argues that institutional adjustment is critical to the prospects for success in developing transition economies. As such the book investigates the transaction costs environment within which small-scale industrial activities are set. By drawing extensively on the Asian experience, (predominantly China and Vietnam but also India and Taiwan), it identifies sources of transaction costs by examining not only the transactional disadvantages of small-scale production, but also the past and present sources of institutional inefficiency.
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| 5. |
- Sjöberg, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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Extraterritoriality in the context of nationalism and legal imperialism: implications for multinationals and climate policies
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Multinationals are currently operating in an (re-)emerging context of legal imperialism linked to the use of extraterritorial regulation. As a geopolitical phenomenon, legal imperialism involves actions by nation-states extending and enforcing political policy beyond their boundaries by means of unilaterally imposed legislation, thereby potentially infringing on the sovereign status of other jurisdictions. We consider two recent types of new trade regulations with extraterritorial reach that have come into effect during 2018, the US sanctions on Iran and the EU trade deal sustainability clause and explore the implications of this form of extraterritoriality on multinationals’ strategies, the one clearly unilateral, the other at least nominally bilateral and subject to negotiations between parties. The growing impact of extraterritorial jurisdiction is a phenomenon that has received little scholarly attention in the international business literature, despite being relatively salient in international relations and legal studies. This lacuna is unfortunate since understanding extraterritorial jurisdiction holds implications for the theory of the firm and international business, also significant managerial implications for MNEs as well as nation-state policymakers. It may also put the discussion on the role and nature of globalisation in a slightly different light.
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| 6. |
- Sjöberg, Örjan
(författare)
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Institutional adjustment: Reforming the developing socialist economy
- 2019
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Ingår i: Institutional adjustment for economic growth: Small scale industries and economic transition in Asia and Africa. - : Taylor and Francis. - 9780429806438 ; , s. 9-21
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter reviews the case for structural adjustment in reforming socialist economies, noting in particular the need to forestall high levels of inflation. It argues that the importance of macro-economic stability extends beyond keeping economic aggregates in check. The chapter addresses the exigency of institutional adjustment, arguing that the lowering of transaction costs is as important to the success of reform as are the more frequently voiced concerns about production costs not properly reflecting comparative advantage. It highlights the reasons for lacklustre performance on part of centrally planned economies, and the implications for reform. As reforms were initiated, repressed inflation came out in the open, additionally fuelled in many an instance by drastic shortfalls of government revenue and hence increasing budget deficits. Macro-economic stability is a necessary but not sufficient condition; institutional adjustment is also a component crucial to the success of reform in formerly centrally planned economies.
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| 7. |
- Sjöberg, Örjan
(författare)
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Institutions and SSIs: Some lessons from diverse experiences
- 2019
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Ingår i: Institutional adjustment for economic growth: Small scale industries and economic transition in Asia and Africa. - : Taylor and Francis. - 9780429806438 ; , s. 201-214
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter focuses on factors that are shared by the six countries concerned, or that point in a common direction, without therefore neglecting the variety of experiences across these case studies. The importance of physical and social infrastructure is clearly seen in aiding industrialisation. India, China and Vietnam all have a large population living in rural areas and the poor state of infrastructure has hindered the flow of gains to the rural sector from the more resourceful urban sector. In the rapid industrialisation phase of Taiwan, competitive labour markets efficiently adjusted labour supply and demand, and without much intervention by the government, it served to minimise search costs. Informal capital markets exist, for instance, in Vietnam which transact in assets like land and buildings in providing enterprise capital. The low reliance on formal financial markets has contributed to higher transaction costs on the one hand and prevented large scale expansion opportunities for the small firm on the other.
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