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- Nordin, Conny, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in pathological gamblers and healthy controls
- 2007
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Ingår i: Neuropsychobiology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0302-282X .- 1423-0224. ; 56:2-3, s. 152-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amino acids, such as valine, isoleucine and leucine compete with tyrosine and tryptophan for transport into the brain and might thus affect the central serotonin and catecholamine patterns. Furthermore, the excitatory amino acids glutamic acid, aspartic acid and glycine are known to act on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, which is part of the reward system. Based on these facts, we have explored the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amino acids in pathological gambling. Concentrations of amino acids were determined in CSF obtained from one female and 11 pathological male gamblers and 11 healthy male controls. In an ANCOVA with best subset regression, pathological male gamblers had higher CSF levels of the excitatory glutamic and aspartic acids, as well as of phenylalanine, isoleucine, citrulline and glycine. A negative contribution of glycine in interaction with the neuraxis distance might mirror a reduced spinal supply or an altered elimination of glycine in pathological gamblers. A decreasing CSF gradient from the first (0-6 ml) to the third (13-18 ml) CSF fraction was found for glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, ornithine and glutamine in both pathological gamblers and healthy controls. A decreasing gradient was found, however, for aspartic acid and phenylalanine in pathological male gamblers. The altered pattern of CSF amino acids in pathological gamblers might exert an influence on central monoamines as well as on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG.
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- Nordin, Conny, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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CSF cholecystokinin, γ-aminobutyric acid and neuropeptide Y in pathological gamblers and healthy controls
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of neural transmission. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0300-9564 .- 1435-1463. ; 114:4, s. 499-503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sulphated cholecystokinin (CCK) octapeptide (CCK-8S), the CCK tetrapeptide (CCK-4), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from 11 pathological male gamblers and 11 healthy male controls. Compared with healthy controls, pathological male gamblers displayed higher concentrations of CCK-8S, CCK-4 and GABA (but not NPY). A gradient with decreasing concentrations from the first to the third 6-ml CSF fraction was found for CCK-8S, CCK-4 and NPY, but only in pathological gamblers. Disrupted gradients were found for GABA and for NPY in healthy controls. Given that CCK is a modulator of dopamine in the reward process, the increase in CCK-8S and CCK-4 is not unexpected. The high level of GABA in pathological gamblers is in conformity with a compensatory inhibitory action on noradrenergic neurons. The CSF gradient of CCK-8S and CCK-4 in pathological male gamblers (but not healthy controls) might indicate a difference in diurnal variation. The results obtained are in line with an altered CCK and GABA function in pathological gambling. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.
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- Nordin, Conny, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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CSF monoamine patterns in pathological gamblers and healthy controls
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Psychiatric Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3956 .- 1879-1379. ; 40:5, s. 454-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous reports on compounds in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of pathological gamblers have focused on disturbed NA, DA and 5-HT function in the central nervous system. We have analysed precursors, transmitters and transmitter metabolites in 3 × 6 ml of CSF obtained from one female and 11 male pathological gamblers and 11 healthy male controls lumbar punctured at the L4-5 level after 8 h of fasting without preceding strict bedrest. Pathological gamblers displayed lower CSF levels of tryptophan and 5-HT while the opposite was the case for 5-HIAA, tyrosine, DA, HVA, DOPAC and HMPG. In contrast to previous studies, the NA level did not differ between pathological gamblers and healthy controls. A disrupted CSF gradient was noted for tryptophan, 5-HT, DA, HVA, DOPAC, NA and HMPG, but only in pathological gamblers. A disrupted gradient was found for 5-HIAA in both pathological gamblers and healthy controls. The results are in line with the presence of altered indoleamine and cathecholamine function in pathological gamblers as well as an altered CSF transport from the brain to the lumbar compartment in such gamblers. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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- Nordin, Conny, et al.
(författare)
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Increased CSF homocysteine in pathological gamblers compared with healthy controls
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. - : Springer. - 1557-1874 .- 1557-1882. ; 7:1, s. 168-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neurocognitive disturbances suggesting a frontal lobe dysfunction have been observed in pathological gamblers and alcohol dependents. Given that a high homocysteine level has been suggested to be a mediating factor in alcohol-related cognitive decline, we have determined homocysteine and cobalamine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from 11 pathological male gamblers and 11 healthy male controls. Compared with healthy controls, pathological gamblers displayed higher CSF levels of homocysteine while the opposite was the case with CSF cobalamine. Smoking decreased the levels of homocysteine while the concentrations of cobalamine were increased. Homocysteine is a sulphur-containing amino acid exerting cytotoxic effects in living cells. The metabolism of homocysteine to methionine is mediated by cobalamine and folate. Human studies suggest that homocysteine plays a role in brain damage and cognitive and memory decline. The relationship between pathological gambling, homocysteine, cobalamine, folate (not determined in the study) and cognitive processing warrants further investigation.
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