| 1. |
- Ahlberg, P., et al.
(författare)
-
Solvated CH5+ in liquid superacid
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Chemistry - A European Journal. - 0947-6539 .- 1521-3765. ; 7:12, s. 2501-2510
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 2. |
- Ahlberg, P., et al.
(författare)
-
Solvated CH5+ in liquid superacid
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Chemistry-a European Journal. ; 7:9, s. 1936-1943
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The transition states for methane activation in liquid superacid have been studied by experimentally determined secondary kinetic deuterium isotope effects (SKIEs) and computational chemistry. For the first time, the SKIEs on hydrogen/deuterium exchange of methane have been measured by using the methane isotopologues in homogeneous liquid superacid ((HF)-H-2/ SbF5). To achieve high accuracy of the SKIEs, the rate constants for pairs of methane isotopologues were simultaneously measured in the same superacid solution by using NMR spectroscopy Density functional theory (DFT and high-level ab initio methods have been employed to model possible intermediates and transition states, assuming that the superacids involved in the exchange reactions are H2F- ions solvated by HF Only the unsolvated superacid H2F- is found to be strong enough to protonate methane. yielding the methonium ion solvated by HF as a potential energy minimum. In contrast, the (HF)(x)-solvated H2F- superacids (x = 1-4) do not appear to be strong enough to yield stable solvated methonium ions. However, such ions show up as parts of the transition slates of the exchange in which the methonium ions are solvated by (HF)(x). The calculated DFT activation barrier is in good agreement with that experimentally observed.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Balldin, J, et al.
(författare)
-
A 6-month controlled naltrexone study: Combined effect with cognitive behavioral therapy in outpatient treatment of alcohol dependence
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In several studies, patients with alcohol dependence treated with the opioid antagonist naltrexone have shown fewer relapses to heavy drinking than those receiving placebo. An interaction between the naltrexone effect and the type of psychological therapy has been observed. Methods: A 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was performed at 10 different investigation sites. After a placebo run-in period of 1 week, 118 patients were randomized into 4 treatment groups—50 mg of naltrexone daily or placebo in combination with either cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or supportive therapy. The CBT was performed over nine sessions according to the manual of Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity). The supportive therapy was defined as "the treatment as usual." Alcohol consumption, craving, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, medication compliance by tablet count, and adverse clinical events were assessed at all visits. Other liver enzymes and psychiatric symptoms were also determined. Results: Ninety-one (77%) patients completed the study, and 92 (78%) were 80% compliant with the medication regimen. A lower percentage of heavy-drinking days was shown in the naltrexone group (p = 0.045) compared with the placebo group, as was a lower craving score (p = 0.029). These results are supported by the lower levels of liver enzyme activities (p < 0.010 for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyltransferase), but not by the carbohydrate-deficient transferrin levels, in the naltrexone group. The mean time period before the first day of heavy drinking was longer for the group treated with CBT (p = 0.010), especially in combination with naltrexone (p = 0.007). Naltrexone was well tolerated, and no patients discontinued the study due to side effects. Conclusions: This study supports the effect of naltrexone in outpatient treatment of alcohol dependence and suggests that a beneficial interaction effect with CBT can be expected.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Musolf, K, et al.
(författare)
-
Evolution of MHC-DRB class II polymorphism in the genus Apodemus and a comparison of DRB sequences within the family Muridae (Mammalia : Rodentia)
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Immunogenetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0093-7711 .- 1432-1211. ; 56:6, s. 420-426
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Allelic diversity at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is thought to be maintained by balancing selection over long periods of time, even across multiple speciation events. Trans-species sharing of MHC alleles among genera has been supported by many studies on mammals and fish, but in rodents, the results are ambiguous. We investigated natural levels of MHC-DRB variability and evolutionary processes in the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) and the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis), which are common, sympatric murid rodents in European forests. Using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing, 38 DRB exon 2 alleles were detected among 162 A. sylvaticus from nine different locations in Germany and Switzerland, and 15 DRB exon 2 alleles were detected among 60 A. flavicollis from three different locations in northern Germany. There was evidence for balancing selection in both species. Phylogenetic analysis, including additional murid taxa, showed that the DRB exon 2 sequences did not separate according to species, consistent with trans-species evolution of the MHC in these taxa.
|
|
