| 1. |
- Hjartaker, A, et al.
(författare)
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Consumption of dairy products in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort: data from 35955 24-hour dietary recalls in 10 European countries
- 2002
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Ingår i: Public Health Nutrition. - 1475-2727. ; 5:6B, s. 1259-1271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To describe and compare the consumption of dairy products in cohorts included in the European Prospective Investigation into-Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Methods: Data from single 24-hour dietary recall interviews collected through a highly standardised computer-based program (EPIC-SOFT) in 27 redefined centres in 10 European countries between 1995 and 2000. From a total random sample of 36 900, 22 924 women and 13 031 men were selected after exclusion of subjects under 35 and over 74 years of age. Results: A high total consumption of dairy products was reported in most of the centres in Spain and in the UK cohort sampled from the general population, as well as in the Dutch, Swedish and Danish centres. A somewhat low consumption was reported in the Greek centre-and in some of the Italian centres (Ragusa and Turin). In all centres and for both sexes, milk constituted the dairy sub-group with the largest proportion (in grams) of total dairy consumption, followed by yoghurt and other fermented milk products, and cheese. Still, there was a wide range in the contributions of the different dairy sub-groups between centres. The Spanish and Nordic centres generally reported a high consumption of milk,, the Swedish and Dutch centres reported a high consumption of yoghurt and other fermented milk products, whereas the highest consumption of cheese was reported in the French centres. Conclusion: The results demonstrate both quantitative and qualitative disparities in dairy product consumption among the EPIC centres. This offers a sound starting point for analyses of associations between dairy intake and chronic diseases such as cancer.
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| 2. |
- Wirfält, Elisabet, et al.
(författare)
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Food sources of carbohydrates in a European cohort of adults.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Public Health Nutrition. - 1475-2727. ; 5:6B, s. 1197-1215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To describe the average consumption of carbohydrate-providing food groups among study centres of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Methods: Of the 27 redefined EPIC study centres, 19 contributed subjects of both genders and eight centres female participants only (men, n=13 031; women, n=22 924, after exclusion of subjects under 35 and over 74 years of age from the original 36 900 total). Dietary data were obtained using the 24-hour recall methodology using the EPIC-SOFT software. The major sources of dietary carbohydrate were identified, and 16 food groups were examined. Results: The 10 food groups contributing most carbohydrate were bread; fruit; milk and milk products; sweet buns, cakes and pies; potato; sugar and jam; pasta and rice; vegetables and legumes; crispbread; and fruit and vegetable juices. Consumption of fruits as well as vegetables and legumes was higher in southern compared with northern centres, while soft drinks consumption was higher in the north. Italian centres had high pasta and rice consumption, but breakfast cereal, potato, and sweet buns, cakes and pies were higher in northern centres. In Sweden, lower bread consumption was balanced with a higher consumption of crispbread, and with sweet buns, cakes and pies. Overall, men consumed higher amounts of vegetables and legumes, bread, soft drinks, potatoes, pasta and rice, breakfast cereal and sugar and jam than women, but fruit consumption appeared more frequent in women. Conclusion: The study supports the established idea that carbohydrate-rich foods chosen in northern Europe are different from those in the Mediterranean region. When comparing and interpreting diet-disease relationships across populations, researchers need to consider all types of foods.
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| 3. |
- Agudo, A, et al.
(författare)
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Consumption of vegetables, fruit and other plant foods in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts from 10 European countries
- 2002
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Ingår i: Public Health Nutrition. - 1475-2727. ; 5:6B, s. 1179-1196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To describe and compare the consumption of the main groups and subgroups of vegetables and fruits (V&F) in men and women from the centres participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Design: Cross-sectional analysis. Dietary intake was assessed by means of a 24-hour dietary recall using computerised interview software and standardised procedures. Crude and adjusted means were computed for the main groups and sub-groups of V&F by centre, separately for men and women. Adjusted means by season, day of the week and age were estimated using weights and covariance analysis. Setting: Twenty-seven centres in 10 European countries participating in the EPIC project. Subjects: In total, 35 955 subjects (13 031 men and 22 924 women), aged 35-74 years, randomly selected from each EPIC cohort. Results: The centres from southern countries had the highest consumption of V&F, while the lowest intake was seen in The Netherlands and Scandinavia for both genders. These differences were more evident for fruits, particularly citrus. However, slightly different patterns arose for some sub-groups of vegetables, such as root vegetables and cabbage. Adjustment for body mass index, physical activity, smoking habits and education did not substantially modify the mean intakes of vegetables and fruits. vegetable and fruit intake follows a south-north gradient in both Conclusions:. Total, genders, whereas for several sub-groups of vegetables a different geographic distribution exists. Differences in mean intake of V&F by centre were not explained by lifestyle factors associated with VF intake.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Linseisen, J, et al.
(författare)
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Meat consumption in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts: results 24-hour dietary recalls
- 2002
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Ingår i: Public Health Nutrition. - 1475-2727. ; 5:6B, s. 1243-1258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To evaluate meat intake patterns in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts. Design and setting: 24-Hour dietary recalls were assessed within the framework of a prospective cohort study in 27 centres across 10 European countries by means of standardised computer-assisted interviews. Subjects: In total, 22 924 women and 13 031 men aged 35-74 years. Results: Mean total meat intake was lowest in the 'health-conscious' cohort in the UK (15 and 21 g day(-1) in women and men, respectively) and highest in the north of Spain, especially in San Sebastian (124 and 234 g day(-1), respectively). In the southern Spanish centres and in Naples (Italy), meat consumption was distinctly lower than in the north of these countries. Central and northern European centres/countries showed rather similar meat consumption patterns, except for the British and French cohorts. Differences in the intake of meat sub-groups (e.g. red meat, processed meat) across EPIC were even higher than found for total meat intake. With a few exceptions, the Mediterranean EPIC centres revealed a higher proportion of beef/veal and poultry and less pork or processed meat than observed in central or northern European centres. The highest sausage consumption was observed for the German EPIC participants, followed by the Norwegians, Swedish, Danish and Dutch. Conclusions: The results demonstrate distinct differences in meat consumption patterns between EPIC centres across Europe. This is an important prerequisite for obtaining further insight into the relationship between meat intake and the development of chronic diseases.
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| 6. |
- Box, George E.P., et al.
(författare)
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Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Monitoring Systems : The Waterfall Chart
- 2003
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Ingår i: Quality Engineering. - 0898-2112 .- 1532-4222. ; 16:2, s. 183-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computers are increasingly employed to monitor the performance of complex systems. An important issue is how to evaluate the performance of such monitors. In this article we introduce a three-dimensional representation that we call a "waterfall chart" of the probability of an alarm as a function of time and the condition of the system. It combines and shows the conceptual relationship between the cumulative distribution function of the run length and the power function. The value of this tool is illustrated with an application to Page's one-sided Cusum algorithm. However, it can be applied in general for any monitoring system.
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| 7. |
- Kamenos, Nicholas A., et al.
(författare)
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Attachment of the juvenile queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis (L.)) to Maerl in mesocosm conditions; juvenile habitat selection
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-0981 .- 1879-1697. ; 306:2, s. 139-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Substratum un-acclimated juvenile queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis) (< 18 mm and 1830 mm shell height) were released in equal numbers onto pristine live maerl (PLM), impacted dead maerl (IDM), gravel and sand in choice chambers. Their habitat selection was monitored over a 4-day period in control and predator treatments (utilising Asterias rubens L. and Carcinus maenas (L.)). Microhabitat use of PLM by juvenile queen scallops and the presence of cues in live maerl were also investigated.In control and predator treatments juvenile queen scallops were observed to attach preferentially to PLM than IDM, gravel or sand. Juvenile queen scallops were observed to maintain a more exposed attachment site in the absence of predators but sought refuge within and between maerl nodules in the presence of both predators. Smaller queen scallops (< 18 mm shell height) were more efficient at utilising maerl thalli as a refuge. Juvenile A. opercularis showed hierarchical cue responses mediated by predator presence, i.e. responding favourably to a factor associated with live maerl presence irrespective of heterogeneity in the absence of predators but favourably to higher maerl heterogeneity in their presence. If they also preferentially attach to PLM in the field, at some sites where PLM grounds cover large areas, they may thus be considered to constitute 'nursery areas'. Habitat attachment preference appears to be predetermined and not a result of localised predator avoidance; however, habitat usage changes in the presence of predators. Maerl beds have been shown to be easily damaged by scallop dredging in Scotland and if such nursery areas are being destroyed extensively in the field, this could damage recruitment to localised adult populations.
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| 8. |
- Kamenos, Nicholas A., et al.
(författare)
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Maerl grounds provide both refuge and high growth potential for juvenile queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis L.)
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-0981 .- 1879-1697. ; 313:2, s. 241-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human damage to biogenic substrata such as maerl has been receiving increasing attention recently. Maerl forms highly biodiverse and heterogeneous habitats composed of loose-lying coralline red algae, which fulfil nursery area prerequisites for queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis) and other invertebrates. The benefits obtained by queen scallops utilising maerl were poorly understood, so we used both laboratory predation and field tethering experiments to investigate the refuge and growth potential provided by pristine live maerl (PLM) grounds over other common substrata. In aquaria, more juvenile queen scallops (<35 mm shell height) survived on PLM than on gravel substrata in the presence of the crab Carcinus maenas or the starfish Asterias rubens. Field tethering experiments indicated similar survivorship of juvenile queen scallops on PLM and gravel; additionally, their growth rates were similar on both substrata. PLM allows scallops to seek refuge from predators and position themselves to optimise their food supply. Other bivalve refugia have been shown to provide poor food supply as a consequence of their high heterogeneity, yet maerl grounds provide a 'win-win' scallop nursery area coupling refuge availability with high food supply.
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| 9. |
- Kamenos, Nicholas A., et al.
(författare)
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Nursery-area function of maerl grounds for juvenile queen scallops Aequipecten opercularis and other invertebrates
- 2004
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Ingår i: Marine Ecology Progress Series. - : Inter-Research. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 274, s. 183-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The services provided by coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests and sea-grass beds are becoming increasingly recognised, yet the functional role of maerl beds has not been addressed. Maerl forms highly biodiverse habitats composed of loose-lying coralline red algae which build up over thousands of years. These carbonate-rich deposits occur in photic areas with strong water movement; they have a widespread global distribution yet remain one of the most overlooked shallow-water marine habitats, with little known about the ecosystem services maerl may provide. Our diving research in Scotland has shown that pristine live maerl (PLM) grounds fulfil nursery area prerequisites for commercial populations of queen scallops Aequipecten opercularis and other invertebrates, such as the soft clam Mya arenaria, the sea urchins Psammechinus miliaris and Echinus esculentus, and the starfish Asterias rubens, more effectively than impacted dead maerl and other common substrata, The complex architecture of maerl beds attracts high densities of these juvenile invertebrates, which use PLM grounds as nursery areas in preference to adjacent substrata. Considering its global distribution, it is highly likely that ecosystem services provided by maerl are considerable. Maerl is easily damaged and killed by a variety of human activities, yet its protection would maintain vital nursery area function, benefiting commercial fishery yields and, pivotally, regional biodiversity.
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| 10. |
- Kamenos, Nicholas A., et al.
(författare)
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Small-scale distribution of juvenile gadoids in shallow inshore waters; what role does maerl play?
- 2004
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Ingår i: ICES Journal of Marine Science. - : Elsevier. - 1054-3139 .- 1095-9289. ; 61:3, s. 422-429
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The indirect effects of demersal fisheries, such as habitat degradation, are currently thought to be impacting gadoid stocks. Maerl fulfils nursery area prerequisites for several invertebrate species, so its role in similar ecosystem service provision for gadoids has been addressed. Juvenile cod (Gadus morhua), saithe (Pollachius virens), and pollack (Pollachius pollachius) in shallow (< 7 m) inshore waters were surveyed with fykenets and scuba off western Scotland over a period of 12 months. Juvenile densities were highest from September to November, and at that time, significantly more were present during the day and associated with maerl (that lacked macroalgal cover) than with heavily vegetated rocky and gravel substrata. Juvenile cod were present throughout the year, whereas saithe appeared in July, and pollack from September to January. With its abundance of food, maerl probably has a high holding capacity for juvenile gadoids, and thus is an important part of the inshore nursery system.
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