| 1. |
- Ebin, Burcak, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of gas flow rate on zinc recovery rate and particle properties by pyrolysis of alkaline and zinc-carbon battery waste
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2370. ; 121, s. 333-341
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zinc (Zn) recovery rate and the properties of Zn particles obtained by pyrolysis of alkaline and Zn-C battery waste were studied at a reaction temperature of 950 degrees C for 60 min residence time using various N-2(g) flow rate (0.5-3.014min) without using any additive. The battery black mass was characterized with respect to the properties of waste battery particles, and chemical content. The thermodynamics of the pyrolysis process was studied using the HSC Chemistry 5.11 software. A carbothermic reduction reaction of the washed battery black mass by Milli-Q water takes place at choosen temperature and makes it possible to produce fine Zn particles by a rapid condensation following the evaporation of zinc from the pyrolysis batch. The amount of Zn that can be separated from the black mass slightly increases at higher N-2(g) flow rates than 0.5 L/min and stabilizes by controlling the gas flow. Zn recovery of 80% was achieved at 950 degrees C and 60 min residence time using 1.0 L/min and higher flow rates by pyrolysis of the washed battery black mass. The pyrolysis residue was shown to be mainly composes of MnO and Mn2O3 with traces of impurities. The particle size of the produced Zn particle decreased from 874nm to 534 nm with increasing flow rate and those particles are formed by the aggregation of primary condensed particles with nano-range sizes. The morphology of the zinc particles also changes from hexagonal shape to spherical morphology by increasing gas flow rate.
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| 2. |
- Ebin, Burcak, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of zinc recovery by hydrogen reduction assisted pyrolysis of alkaline and zinc-carbon battery waste
- 2017
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 68, s. 508-517
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zinc (Zn) recovery from alkaline and zinc-carbon (Zn-C) battery waste were studied by a laboratory scale pyrolysis process at a reaction temperature of 950 degrees C for 15-60 min residence time using 5%H-2 (g)-N-2(g) mixture at 1.0 L/min gas flow rate. The effect of different cooling rates on the properties of pyrolysis residue, manganese oxide particles, were also investigated. Morphological and structural characterization of the produced Zn particles were performed. The battery black mass was characterized with respect to the properties and chemical composition of the waste battery particles. The thermodynamics of the pyrolysis process was studied using the HSC Chemistry 5.11 software. A hydrogen, reduction reaction of the battery black mass (washed with Milli-Q water) takes place at the chosen temperature and makes it possible to produce fine Zn particles by rapid condensation following the evaporation of Zn from the pyrolysis batch, The amount of Zn that can be separated from the black mass increases by extending the residence time. Recovery of 99.8% of the Zn was achieved at 950 degrees C for 60 min residence time using 1.0 L/min gas flow rate. The pyrolysis residue contains MnO and Mn2O3 compounds, and the oxidation state of manganese can be controlled by cooling rate and atmosphere. The Zn particles exhibit spherical and hexagonal particle morphology with a particle size varying between 200 nm and 3 mu m. However the particles were formed by aggregation of nanoparticles which are primarily nucleated from the gas phase.
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| 3. |
- Ebin, Burcak, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Production of zinc and manganese oxide particles by pyrolysis of alkaline and Zn–C battery waste
- 2016
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 51, s. 157-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Production of zinc and manganese oxide particles from alkaline and zinc–carbon battery black mass was studied by a pyrolysis process at 850–950 °C with various residence times under 1 L/min N2(g) flow rate conditions without using any additive. The particular and chemical properties of the battery waste were characterized to investigate the possible reactions and effects on the properties of the reaction products. The thermodynamics of the pyrolysis process were studied using the HSC Chemistry 5.11 software. The carbothermic reduction reaction of battery black mass takes place and makes it possible to produce fine zinc particles by a rapid condensation, after the evaporation of zinc from a pyrolysis batch. The amount of zinc that can be separated from the black mass is increased by both pyrolysis temperature and residence time. Zinc recovery of 97% was achieved at 950 °C and 1 h residence time using the proposed alkaline battery recycling process. The pyrolysis residue is mainly MnO powder with a low amount of zinc, iron and potassium impurities and has an average particle size of 2.9 μm. The obtained zinc particles have an average particle size of about 860 nm and consist of hexagonal crystals around 110 nm in size. The morphology of the zinc particles changes from a hexagonal shape to s spherical morphology by elevating the pyrolysis temperature.
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| 4. |
- Ebin, Burcak, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Recovery of industrial valuable metals from household battery waste
- 2019
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Ingår i: Waste Management and Research. - 1096-3669 .- 0734-242X. ; 37:2, s. 168-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © The Author(s) 2019. The modern community is dependent on electronic devices such as remote controls, alarm clocks, electric shavers, phones and computers, all of which are powered by household batteries. Alkaline, zinc–carbon (Zn-C), nickel metal hydride, lithium and lithium-ion batteries are the most common types of household energy storage technologies in the primary and secondary battery markets. Primary batteries, especially alkaline and Zn-C batteries, are the main constituents of the collected spent battery stream due to their short lifetimes. In this research, the recycling of main battery components, which are steel shells, zinc (Zn) and manganese oxides, was investigated. Household batteries were collected in Gothenburg, Sweden and mechanically pretreated by a company, Renova AB. The steel shells from spent batteries were industrially separated from the batteries themselves and the battery black mass obtained. A laboratory-scale pyrolysis method was applied to recover the Zn content via carbothermic reduction. First, the carbothermic reaction of the battery black mass was theoretically studied by HSC Chemistry 9.2 software. The effect of the amount of carbon on the Zn recovery was then examined by the designed process at 950°C. The recovery efficiency of Zn from battery black mass was over 99%, and the metal was collected as metallic Zn particles in a submicron particle size range. The pyrolysis residue was composed of mainly MnO 2 with some minor impurities such as iron and potassium. The suggested recycling process is a promising route not only for the effective extraction of secondary resources, but also for the utilization of recovered products in advanced technology applications.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Gergoric, Marino, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization and Leaching of Neodymium Magnet Waste and Solvent Extraction of the Rare-Earth Elements Using TODGA
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-3831 .- 2199-3823. ; 3:3, s. 638-645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rare-earth elements (REEs) are considered as some of the most critical elements in the EU and the USA today. E-scrap, such as end-of-life neodymium magnets, could be a viable secondary source for the recovery of these elements. Neodymium magnets (NdFeB) consist of considerable amounts of Nd, Dy, Pr, and some other REEs, depending on the specific application. Apart from REEs, neodymium magnets are made up of around 60% iron, which can pose a challenge in their recycling. For example, iron can be dissolved along with other elements during leaching or co-extracted during solvent extraction. In this work, extraction of REEs with TODGA (tetraoctyl-diglycolamide) from a real leachate, obtained by neodymium magnet powder dissolution in nitric acid, was studied. The goal was to selectively extract the REEs from other elements in the solution. TODGA was used as the extracting agent due to its selective extraction properties for REEs and other f-block elements. The influence of the diluent on the overall extraction and the selectivity of the extraction was studied in order to determine application feasibility of future processes. To this end, experiments using Solvent 70 (hydrocarbons C11-C14, ae 0.5 wt% aromatics), hexane, toluene, cyclohexanone and 1-octanol as the diluents were performed. TODGA has shown good selectivity between REEs and other elements in solution under almost all conditions, reaching the highest distribution ratios of REEs in the aliphatic diluents, while the distribution ratios of other non-REEs reach a mere value of 0.1. An exception was cyclohexanone, which has the ability to extract small amounts of ions itself. The highest separation factors between Dy and the light REEs (Nd and Pr) were observed with a 0.01 M solution of TODGA in Solvent 70. REEs, as group, were extracted with 0.1 M solutions of TODGA in all diluents except for cyclohexanone, which led to extraction of Al and B at amounts greater than 10%. Stripping with over 98% efficiency was achieved using MQ water in one step.
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| 7. |
- Gergoric, Marino, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Leaching and recovery of rare-earth elements from neodymium magnet waste using organic acids
- 2018
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Ingår i: Metals. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-4701. ; 8:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the last decade, rare-earth elements (REEs) have become critical in the European Union (EU) in terms of supply risk, and they remain critical to this day. End-of-life electronic scrap (e-scrap) recycling can provide a partial solution to the supply of REEs in the EU. One such product is end-of-life neodymium (NdFeB) magnets, which can be a feasible source of Nd, Dy, and Pr. REEs are normally leached out of NdFeB magnet waste using strong mineral acids, which can have an adverse impact on the environment in case of accidental release. Organic acids can be a solution to this problem due to easier handling, degradability, and less poisonous gas evolution during leaching. However, the literature on leaching NdFeB magnets waste with organic acids is very scarce and poorly investigated. This paper investigates the recovery of Nd, Pr, and Dy from NdFeB magnets waste powder using leaching and solvent extraction. The goal was to determine potential selectivity between the recovery of REEs and other impurities in the material. Citric acid and acetic acid were used as leaching agents, while di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) was used for preliminary solvent extraction tests. The highest leaching efficiencies were achieved with 1 mol/L citric acid (where almost 100% of the REEs were leached after 24 h) and 1 mol/L acetic acid (where >95% of the REEs were leached). Fe and Co—two major impurities—were co-leached into the solution, and no leaching selectivity was achieved between the impurities and the REEs. The solvent extraction experiments with D2EHPA in Solvent 70 on 1 mol/L leachates of both acetic acid and citric acid showed much higher affinity for Nd than Fe, with better extraction properties observed in acetic acid leachate. The results showed that acetic acid and citric acid are feasible for the recovery of REEs out of NdFeB waste under certain conditions.
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| 8. |
- Gergoric, Marino, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Separation of Heavy Rare-Earth Elements from Light Rare-Earth Elements Via Solvent Extraction from a Neodymium Magnet Leachate and the Effects of Diluents
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-3831 .- 2199-3823. ; 3:3, s. 601-610
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent decades, rare-earth elements (REEs) have seen a considerable increase in usage in modern technologies and the so-called green energy sources. The REEs are currently regarded to be among the most critical elements by the European Union (EU) and the United States (USA). Large investments are made in the research of recycling of the REEs from end-of-life products and E-scrap. One potential source for recycling of larger amounts of neodymium and dysprosium are end-of-life neodymium magnets. In this work, the selective extraction of REEs from a sulfuric media leachate (containing Nd, Dy, Pr, Gd, Co, and B) obtained by selective roasting of NdFeB waste and leaching was investigated. The extracting agent D2EHPA (di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid) diluted in Solvent 70, hexane, octane, cyclohexanone, chloroform, 1-octanol, and toluene was used for the investigation of the effects of using different diluents on the extraction of REEs and the separation between the light and the heavy REEs. The concentrations of D2EHPA in the used diluents were 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 M. The highest separation factors between the heavy and the light REEs were achieved using 0.3 M D2EHPA in hexane, while no B or Co extraction was measurable. The REEs were completely extracted as a group using 0.9 M or 1.2 M D2EHPA in either octane or hexane, also with no B or Co extraction. The aliphatic nonpolar diluents showed better properties than the aromatic and polar ones. The complete stripping of REEs from the loaded organic phases was proven to be efficient using hydrochloric acid at concentrations of 2 M or higher.
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| 9. |
- Gustafsson, Anna, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of High-Temperature Chlorination as a Process for Separation of Copper, Indium and Gallium from CIGS Solar Cell Waste Materials
- 2015
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Ingår i: Separation Science and Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1520-5754 .- 0149-6395. ; 50:1, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CIGS (copper indium gallium diselenide) is a semiconductor used in high efficiency thin film solar cells. Several of these elements are considered to be fairly rare and thus expensive. In order to ensure future supply of the metals, an efficient recycling process for CIGS is needed. We have previously published a process for the separation of high purity selenium from CIGS solar cell waste materials. In the present paper we evaluate the possibility of using high-temperature chlorination to separate copper, indium, and gallium from the residue obtained in the selenium separation process. The chlorination agents used were chlorine gas, hydrogen chloride gas, and ammonium chloride. The goal was to use different temperatures to separate the metal chlorides formed. Ammonium chloride was shown to be the most promising chlorination agent for future process optimization.
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| 10. |
- Gustafsson, Anna, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of an electrochemical method for separation of copper, indium, and gallium from pretreated cigs solar cell waste materials
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Scientific World Journal. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1537-744X .- 2356-6140. ; 2015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recycling of the semiconductor material copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) is important to ensure a future supply of indium and gallium, which are relatively rare and therefore expensive elements. As a continuation of our previous work, where we recycled high purity selenium from CIGS waste materials, we now show that copper and indium can be recycled by electrodeposition from hydrochloric acid solutions of dissolved selenium-depleted material. Suitable potentials for the reduction of copper and indium were determined to be -0.5 V and -0.9 V (versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode), respectively, using cyclic voltammetry. Electrodeposition of first copper and then indium from a solution containing the dissolved residue from the selenium separation and ammonium chloride in 1 M HCl gave a copper yield of 100.1 ± 0.5% and an indium yield of 98.1 ± 2.5%. The separated copper and indium fractions contained no significant contamination of the other elements. Gallium remained in solution together with a small amount of indium after the separation of copper and indium and has to be recovered by an alternative method since electrowinning from the chloride-rich acid solution was not effective.
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