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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 386:10010, s. 2287-2323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- Kampmann, Tobias Christoph, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Syn-tectonic sulphide remobilization and trace element redistribution at the Falun pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) sulphide deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ore Geology Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 0169-1368 .- 1872-7360. ; 96, s. 48-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mineralization types at the Palaeoproterozoic Falun base metal sulphide deposit are predominantly pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-rich massive sulphide mineralization, disseminated to semi-massive Cu-Au mineralization, auriferous quartz veins, and mineralized shear zones of talc-chlorite-dominated schist. The massive and disseminated to semi-massive sulphide mineralization types were subject to polyphase ductile deformation (D1 and D2) and metamorphism under low-P, lower-amphibolite facies conditions, which led to the development of ore textures and paragenetic relationships indicating both mechanical and chemical remobilization of sulphides. In the massive sulphide mineralization, rare inclusion-rich pyrite occurs as relic cores inside inclusion-poor metamorphosed pyrite. Imaging and spot analysis using multielement laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) reveal that inclusion-poor pyrite was depleted in trace elements, which were originally present as non-stoichiometric lattice substitutions or in mineral inclusions. The inclusion-rich pyrite was shielded from depletion and, at least partly, retained its initially higher trace element concentrations, including Au.Gold is also associated with chalcopyrite in the disseminated to semi-massive Cu-Au mineralization and in the system of auriferous quartz veins hosted therein, the latter being also affected by the D2 ductile strain. It is inferred that emplacement of the vein system took place after the peak of metamorphism, which occurred between D1 and D2, but prior to and possibly even shortly after completion of the D2 deformational event. Similarities in trace element signatures in chalcopyrite are compatible with the interpretation that the quartz veins formed by local chemical remobilization of components from the Cu-Au mineralization. Transport of liberated Au from pyrite during grain growth in the massive sulphide mineralization may have upgraded the Au endowment in the quartz veins, leading to the additional formation of native gold in the veins. A strong correspondence between elements liberated from pyrite (e.g. Pb, Bi, Se and Au) and those forming discrete and characteristic mineral phases in the quartz veins (Pb-Bi sulphosalts, native gold) supports this hypothesis.Trace element signatures for the main sulphide minerals pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena are similar to previously published data from other metamorphosed massive sulphide deposits. The association of the Falun mineralization with elevated Bi is reflected by its occurrence in sulphide minerals (e.g. galena) and in abundant mineral inclusions of Pb-Bi sulphosalts (e.g. weibullite), especially in the disseminated to semi-massive Cu-Au mineralization. Elevated Sn concentrations in the lattice and/or as cassiterite inclusions in chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena are compatible with a hot, acidic and reducing fluid during formation of the syn-volcanic, base metal sulphide mineralization and associated host-rock alteration.
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- Stephens, Lucas, et al.
(författare)
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Archaeological assessment reveals Earth’s early transformation through land use
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 365:6456, s. 897-902
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans began to leave lasting impacts on Earth’s surface starting 10,000 to 8000 years ago. Through a synthetic collaboration with archaeologists around the globe, Stephens et al. compiled a comprehensive picture of the trajectory of human land use worldwide during the Holocene (see the Perspective by Roberts). Hunter-gatherers, farmers, and pastoralists transformed the face of Earth earlier and to a greater extent than has been widely appreciated, a transformation that was essentially global by 3000 years before the present.Science, this issue p. 897; see also p. 865Environmentally transformative human use of land accelerated with the emergence of agriculture, but the extent, trajectory, and implications of these early changes are not well understood. An empirical global assessment of land use from 10,000 years before the present (yr B.P.) to 1850 CE reveals a planet largely transformed by hunter-gatherers, farmers, and pastoralists by 3000 years ago, considerably earlier than the dates in the land-use reconstructions commonly used by Earth scientists. Synthesis of knowledge contributed by more than 250 archaeologists highlighted gaps in archaeological expertise and data quality, which peaked for 2000 yr B.P. and in traditionally studied and wealthier regions. Archaeological reconstruction of global land-use history illuminates the deep roots of Earth’s transformation and challenges the emerging Anthropocene paradigm that large-scale anthropogenic global environmental change is mostly a recent phenomenon.
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