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- Stille, Björn, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Experience with the real time grouting control method
- 2009
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Ingår i: Geomechanics and Tunneling. - : Wiley. - 1865-7362 .- 1865-7389. ; 2:5, s. 447-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new concept of "real time grouting control method" is described by which grout penetration and grouting control are made applicable in real time by applying theories for grout spread. The stop criterion with this method can be related to achieved grout spread, and grouting may be considered complete when the grout penetration for the smallest fracture to be sealed is above a predetermined target value, or before the grout penetration for the largest fracture aperture reaches a certain maximum limiting value. It might also be possible by online monitoring of the process to predict the course of the grout spread and flow and to analyse the risk of uplift and jacking. Four tunnel projects in Sweden are presented in the paper. These references indicate that the real time grouting control method may be applicable to real grouting design and control.
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- Andersson, J. Christer, 1974-
(författare)
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Rock Mass Response to Coupled Mechanical Thermal Loading : Äspö Pillar Stability Experiment, Sweden
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The geological disposal of nuclear waste, in underground openings and the long-term performance of these openings demand a detailed understanding of fundamental rock mechanics. A full scale field experiment: Äspö Pillar Stability Experiment was conducted at a depth of 450 m in sparsely fractured granitic rock to examine the rock mass response between two deposition holes. An oval shaped tunnel was excavated parallel to the σ3 direction to provide access to the experiment and also provide elevated stress magnitudes in the floor. In the tunnel floor two 1.75-m diameter 6-m deep boreholes were excavated so that a 1-m thick pillar was created between them. In one of the holes a confinement pressure of 700 kPa was applied and in the other displacement transducers were installed. The pillar volume was monitored by an Acoustic Emission System. Spatially distributed thermocouples were used to monitor the temperature development as the pillar was heated by electrical heaters. The excavation-induced stress together with the thermal-induced stress was sufficient to cause the wall of the open borehole to yield. The temperature-induced stress was increased slowly to enable detailed studies of the rock mass yielding process. Once the rock mass loading response was observed, the rock mass was unloaded using a de-stress slotting technique.This thesis focuses on the in-situ study of the rock mass response to coupled mechanical thermal loading and thermal-mechanical unloading. The experiment, its design, monitoring and observations are thoroughly described. An estimate of the yielding strength of the rock mass is presented and compared with laboratory test and results from other rock mass conditions reported elsewhere in the open literature. General conclusions about the effect of the confining pressure and the observations from the unloading of the pillar are also presented.Important findings are that the yielding strength of the rock mass has been successfully determined, low confinement pressures significantly affects the onset of yielding, the primary mode of fracture initiation and propagation is extensional, no significant time dependency of the yielding process was observed. The unloading studies also indicated that what appeared to be shear bands likely was a propagating zone of extensile failure that weakened the rock so that displacements in the shear direction could occur.
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- Andersson, J. Christer, et al.
(författare)
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The Aspo Pillar Stability Experiment : Part II-Rock mass response to coupled excavation-induced and thermal-induced stresses
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Rock Mechanics And Mining Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1365-1609 .- 1873-4545. ; 46:5, s. 879-895
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A 1-m-thick pillar was subject to coupled excavation- and thermal-induced stresses to induce brittle rock mass yielding. The yielding strength of the heterogeneous and fractured rock mass consisting of Aspo diorite was evaluated at eighteen discrete locations using data from the displacement, acoustic emission, and thermal monitoring systems. The average rock mass yielding strength was determined to be 0.59 of the uniaxial compressive strength. The onset of dilation in uniaxial laboratory tests, determined from strain gauge data, was found to occur at approximately 0.45 of the uniaxial compressive strength. It was shown that that the onset of acoustic emission events in situ also occurred when the tangential stress exceeded 0.43 of the uniaxial compressive strength. For sites with absence of in situ data it is recommended that this lower-bound value determined from laboratory data may be used for assessing the in situ rock mass yielding strength. Visual observation and displacement monitoring showed that extent of rock mass yielding is sensitive to small changes in the tangential stress magnitudes. It was determined using three-dimensional modelling that changes in the tangential stress magnitude of approximately 1 MPa was sufficient to cause yielding of the pillar to propagate in what appeared to be intact rock. Observations suggest that without this small stress change yielding of the rock mass would not occur. In other words, there appeared to be a well defined boundary, and if the stresses reached this boundary yielding was observed. However, if stresses were only slightly below this boundary yielding or time-dependant processes were not observed over the monitoring period used in the experiment.
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- Bagheri, Mehdi
(författare)
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Model uncertainty of design tools to analyze block stability
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Block failure is one of the most common failure modes in tunnels. Design tools have some simplifications and, therefore, they also have some model uncertainties. The purpose of this licentiate thesis is to assess the model uncertainty for different design tools in order to estimate block stability. Different approaches of kinematic limit equilibrium (KLE) including conventional KLE, limited joint length, limited joint length and stress field consideration and probabilistic KLE were compared to that of DFN-DEM. In this approach, the results of the calibrated DFN-DEM with field mapping were considered to be of true value. The results show that the conventional KLE is overdesign due to it’s over simplification. By considering fracture length and stress field, the volume of predicted unstable blocks is reduced. The probabilistic approach of KLE by considering finite joint length and stress field predicts the volume of unstable blocks to be lower than DFN-DEM approach. Therefore there is a great model uncertainty of our standard design tools for block stability analysis. The assumption made in this study is that the results from DEM were considered to have a true value; the results from analytical solution based on joint relaxation process were compared to those of DEM in a different condition of depth, K0, apical and friction angle, Kn and Ks value, and ratio of Kn/Ks. The comparison shows that for shallow depth with K0 less than 1, analytical solution leads to an overestimation of block stability. The analytical solution predicts that the block is stable, while the analyses from numerical solution show the block is unstable. The analyses show that by increasing K0, accuracy of analytical solution also increases. Moreover, for the cases with close value of friction angle to semi-apical angle, the use of analytical solution is not recommended. As the ratio of Kn/Ks increases, the accuracy of analytical solution decreases. Increasing the angle ratio (ratio between semi-apical angle to friction angle) is one source of increasing uncertainty in the model. The analytical solution is very uncertain in cases with a low value of K0, and a high value of stiffness ratio and angle ratio. On the other hand, the analytical solution is more certain in conditions with a high value of K0 and a low value of stiffness ratio and angle ratio. According to current information (K0, angle ratio, stiffness ratio), one can determine the value of model uncertainty by using the diagrams presented in Chapter 6 of the thesis. The analyses show that by having more information about the key parameters, the model uncertainty could be identified more precisely. However, having more information means spending more money, and this increase in cost must be compared to the cost of failure or delay in the project or overdesign.
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- Bagheri, Mehdi, et al.
(författare)
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Some aspects on model uncertainty in the calculation of block stability using Kinematics Limit Equilibrium
- 2008
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Ingår i: 42nd U.S. Rock Mechanics - 2nd U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium. - : American Rock Mechanics Association.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kinematics Limit Equilibrium (KLE) is one of the most commonly used approaches for evaluating block stability around underground openings. Model uncertainty in using (probabilistic) KLE has been assessed by comparing block stability results with the results of the Discrete Fracture Network-Distinct Element Method (DFN-DEM) approach. The KLE analysis has been performed based on Monte Carlo random generation for fracture orientations and lengths (probabilistic KLE). The results show that the probabilistic KLE underestimates the unstable block volume. The calculated mean value of unstable block volumes using probabilistic KLE is much smaller than DFN-DEM simulation results, which provide a closer representation of reality.
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