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- Huang, X., et al.
(författare)
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The Extinction Properties of and Distance to the Highly Reddened Type IA Supernova 2012cu
- 2017
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 836:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Correcting Type Ia Supernova brightnesses for extinction by dust has proven to be a vexing problem. Here we study the dust foreground to the highly reddened SN 2012cu, which is projected onto a dust lane in the galaxy NGC 4772. The analysis is based on multi-epoch, spectrophotometric observations spanning from 3300-9200 A degrees, obtained by the Nearby Supernova Factory. Phase-matched comparison of the spectroscopically twinned SN 2012cu and SN 2011fe across 10 epochs results in the best-fit color excess of (E(B-V), RMS) = (1.00, 0.03) and total-to-selective extinction ratio of (RV, RMS) = (2.95, 0.08) toward SN 2012cu within its host galaxy. We further identify several diffuse interstellar bands and compare the 5780 angstrom band with the dust- to-band ratio for the Milky Way (MW). Overall, we find the foreground dust-extinction properties for SN 2012cu to be consistent with those of the MW. Furthermore, we find no evidence for significant time variation in any of these extinction tracers. We also compare the dust extinction curve models of Cardelli et al., O'Donnell,. and Fitzpatrick, and find the predictions of Fitzpatrick fit SN 2012cu the best. Finally, the distance to NGC4772, the host of SN 2012cu, at a redshift of z = 0.0035, often assigned to the Virgo Southern Extension, is determined to be 16.6 +/- 1.1 Mpc. We compare this result with distance measurements in the literature.
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- Fowler, D., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of global change during the 21st century on the nitrogen cycle
- 2015
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 15:24, s. 13849-13893
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global nitrogen (N) cycle at the beginning of the 21st century has been shown to be strongly influenced by the inputs of reactive nitrogen (N-r) from human activities, including combustion-related NOx, industrial and agricultural N fixation, estimated to be 220 TgNyr(-1) in 2010, which is approximately equal to the sum of biological N fixation in unmanaged terrestrial and marine ecosystems. According to current projections, changes in climate and land use during the 21st century will increase both biological and anthropogenic fixation, bringing the total to approximately 600 TgNyr(-1) by around 2100. The fraction contributed directly by human activities is unlikely to increase substantially if increases in nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture are achieved and control measures on combustion-related emissions implemented. Some N-cycling processes emerge as particularly sensitive to climate change. One of the largest responses to climate in the processing of Nr is the emission to the atmosphere of NH3, which is estimated to increase from 65 TgNyr(-1) in 2008 to 93 TgNyr(-1) in 2100 assuming a change in global surface temperature of 5 degrees C in the absence of increased anthropogenic activity. With changes in emissions in response to increased demand for animal products the combined effect would be to increase NH3 emissions to 135 TgNyr(-1). Another major change is the effect of climate changes on aerosol composition and specifically the increased sublimation of NH4NO3 close to the ground to form HNO3 and NH3 in a warmer climate, which deposit more rapidly to terrestrial surfaces than aerosols. Inorganic aerosols over the polluted regions especially in Europe and North America were dominated by (NH4)(2)SO4 in the 1970s to 1980s, and large reductions in emissions of SO2 have removed most of the SO42- from the atmosphere in these regions. Inorganic aerosols from anthropogenic emissions are now dominated by NH4NO3, a volatile aerosol which contributes substantially to PM10 and human health effects globally as well as eutrophication and climate effects. The volatility of NH4NO3 and rapid dry deposition of the vapour phase dissociation products, HNO3 and NH3, is estimated to be reducing the transport distances, deposition footprints and inter-country exchange of N-r in these regions. There have been important policy initiatives on components of the global N cycle. These have been regional or country-based and have delivered substantial reductions of inputs of Nr to sensitive soils, waters and the atmosphere. To date there have been no attempts to develop a global strategy to regulate human inputs to the nitrogen cycle. However, considering the magnitude of global Nr use, potential future increases, and the very large leakage of Nr in many forms to soils, waters and the atmosphere, international action is required. Current legislation will not deliver the scale of reductions globally for recovery from the effects of Nr deposition on sensitive ecosystems, or a decline in N2O emissions to the global atmosphere. Such changes would require substantial improvements in nitrogen use efficiency across the global economy combined with optimization of transport and food consumption patterns. This would allow reductions in Nr use, inputs to the atmosphere and deposition to sensitive ecosystems. Such changes would offer substantial economic and environmental co-benefits which could help motivate the necessary actions.
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- Mattsson, M., et al.
(författare)
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Personal factors in systemic sclerosis and their coverage by patient-reported outcome measures
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. - 1827-1804. ; 51:4, s. 405-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease where thickening of the skin can lead to reduced body function and limitations in activities. Severe forms can also affect and seriously damage inner organs. Patient-centred rehabilitation emphasises considerations of patients' background, experience and behavior which highlights the need to know if patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) include such personal factors. Aim. To identify and describe personal factors in the experiences of functioning and health of persons with SSc and to examine if and to what extent PROMs in SSc research cover these factors. Design. Data from a qualitative study with focus group interviews were analysed. PROMs in SSc research were identified in a literature review between 2008-2013. Setting. Participants were recruited from outpatient clinics at rheumatology department. Population. Sixty-three patients with SSc from four European countries participated. Methods. Data from interviews were analysed using a structure of personal factors developed by Geyh et al. Identified PROMs were analysed and linked to main concepts, related to the personal factors, found in the interview data. Results. Nineteen main concepts were related to the area "patterns of experience and behaviour" in the personal factor structure, 16 to "thoughts and beliefs", nine to "feelings", one to "motives" and one to "personal history and biography", respectively. Among the 35 PROMs identified, 15 did not cover any of the identified concepts. Concepts within the area "feelings" were mostly covered by the PROMs. Five of the PROMs covered "patterns of experience and behaviour", while "motives" and "personal history and biography" were not covered at all. Four of the identified PROMs covered concepts within the areas "feelings", "thoughts and beliefs" and "patterns of experience and behaviour" in the same instrument. The Illness Cognition Questionnaire and Illness Behaviour Questionnaire were such PROMs. Conclusion. Patterns of experience and behaviour had the highest number of concepts related to personal factors, but few of the PROMs in SSc research covered these factors. Only a few PROMs covered several personal factors areas in the same instrument. Clinical Rehabilitation Impact. The results would be of value when developing core sets for outcome measurements in SSc.
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