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- Alsved, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Sources of Airborne Norovirus in Hospital Outbreaks
- 2020
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Ingår i: Clinical Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1537-6591 .- 1058-4838. ; 70:10, s. 2023-2028
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Noroviruses are the major cause of viral gastroenteritis. Disease transmission is difficult to prevent and outbreaks in healthcare facilities commonly occur. Contact with infected persons and contaminated environments are believed to be the main routes of transmission. However, noroviruses have recently been found in aerosols and airborne transmission has been suggested. The aim of our study was to investigate associations between symptoms of gastroenteritis and presence of airborne norovirus, and to investigate the size of norovirus carrying particles.METHODS: Air sampling was repeatedly performed close to 26 patients with norovirus infections. Samples were analysed for norovirus RNA by RT-qPCR. The times since the patients' last episodes of vomiting and diarrhoea were recorded. Size separating aerosol particle collection was also performed in ward corridors.RESULTS: Norovirus RNA was found in 21 (24%) of 86 air samples from 10 different patients. Only air samples during outbreaks, or before a succeeding outbreak, tested positive for norovirus RNA. Airborne norovirus RNA was also strongly associated with a shorter time period since the last vomiting episode (odds ratio 8.1, p=0.04 within 3 hours since the last vomiting episode). The concentration of airborne norovirus ranged from 5-215 copies/m3, and detectable amounts of norovirus RNA were found in particles <0.95 µm and >4.51 µm.CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that recent vomiting is the major source of airborne norovirus and imply a connection between airborne norovirus and outbreaks. The presence of norovirus RNA in submicrometre particles indicates that airborne transmission can be an important transmission route.
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| 2. |
- Wang, Wujun, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental demonstration of a load flexible combustor for hybrid solar Brayton applications
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 283, s. 116904-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel load flexible combustor has been developed for hybrid solar Brayton applications with any solar share. In this combustor design, the fuel is split into a pilot and a main fuel. The pilot flame is designed for re-igniting the main fuel at any workload in the range of 0-100%. Bypass cooling airflows are innovatively introduced for protecting the fuel flows from unpredictable auto-ignition and undesirable flashback. To evaluate the performances, the combustor has been experimentally demonstrated at its 30% workload with the help of the KTH high flux solar simulator, the KTH dual-flow choked nozzle based gas turbine simulator and an impinging solar receiver. By suddenly turning off the solar simulator and increasing the fuel injection, its performances under hybrid operation have been studied in detail. The results show that the combustor outlet air temperature can be successfully maintained in the range of 914.5 +/- 10 degrees C through the whole hybrid operation test without flashback by adjusting the main fuel injection manually after turning off the solar simulator. The temperature peak on the combustor liner of this test appears at the thermocouple TC3 with a value of 958.1 degrees C, which is significantly lower than the allowable working temperature of the material. The pressure drop across the combustor is within the range of 17.4 +/- 2.5 mbar, which is equivalent to approximately 0.58% of its working pressure.
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