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- Stockfelt, Leo, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Effects on airways of short-term exposure to two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study of healthy humans.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Inhalation toxicology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1091-7691 .- 0895-8378. ; 24:1, s. 47-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Air pollution causes respiratory symptoms and pulmonary disease. Airway inflammation may be involved in the mechanism also for cardiovascular disease. Wood smoke is a significant contributor to air pollution, with complex and varying composition. We examined airway effects of two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study. Materials and Methods: Thirteen subjects were exposed to filtered air and to wood smoke from the start-up phase and the burn-out phase of the wood-burning cycle. Levels of PM(2.5) were 295 µg/m(3) and 146 µg/m(3), number concentrations 140 000/cm(3) and 100 000/cm(3). Biomarkers in blood, breath and urine were measured before and on several occasions after exposure. Effects of wood smoke exposure were assessed adjusting for results with filtered air. Results: After exposure to wood smoke from the start-up, but not the burn-out session, Clara cell protein 16 (CC16) increased in serum after 4 hours, and in urine the next morning. CC16 showed a clear diurnal variation. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) increased after wood smoke exposure from the burn-out phase, but partly due to a decrease after exposure to filtered air. No other airway markers increased. Conclusions: The results indicate that relatively low levels of wood smoke exposure induce effects on airways. Effects on airway epithelial permeability was shown for the start-up phase of wood burning, while FENO increased after the burn-out session. CC16 seems to be a sensitive marker of effects of air pollution both in serum and urine, but its function and the significance need to be clarified.
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| 4. |
- Jorgensen, R. B., et al.
(författare)
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Simulated Restaurant Cook Exposure to Emissions of PAHs, Mutagenic Aldehydes, and Particles from Frying Bacon
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1545-9624 .- 1545-9632. ; 10:3, s. 122-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the exposure of cooks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), higher mutagenic aldehydes, total particles, and ultrafine particles during cooking. Experiments were performed by pan frying fresh and smoked bacon on both electric and gas stoves, and with the gas alone. Detailed analyses of PAHs were performed, with analyses of the levels of 32 different PAHs. A TSI-3939 scanning mobility particle sizer system was used to measure the ultrafine particles. The results showed that total PAHs were in the range of 270–300 ng/m3 air. However, the smoked bacon experiment showed a somewhat different PAH pattern, whereby retene constituted about 10% of the total PAHs, which is a level similar to that of the abundant gas phase constituent phenanthrene. The reason for the elevated retene emissions is unknown. The total cancer risk, expressed as toxic equivalency factors, showed a somewhat higher risk on the electric stove (p < 0.05) compared with the gas stove. Levels of trans, trans-2,4-decadienal were between 34 and 54 μg/m3 air. The level of total particles was between 2.2 and 4.2 mg/m3. Frying on a gas stove caused a statistically significant higher amount of ultrafine particles compared with frying on an electric stove. Large variations in the mobility diameter at peak particle concentration were found (74.4 nm–153.5 nm). The highest mobility diameter was found for frying on an electric stove. The gas flame itself showed a maximum production of 19.5-nm-sized particles and could not be the explanation for the difference between frying on the gas stove and frying on the electric stove. No single indicator for the exposure to cooking fume could be selected. Each compound should be measured independently to provide a comprehensive characterization of the cooking exposure.
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| 6. |
- Kliucininkas, Linas, et al.
(författare)
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Indoor and outdoor concentrations of fine particles, particle-bound PAHs and volatile organic compounds in Kaunas, Lithuania
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Monitoring. - 1464-0325. ; 13:1, s. 182-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This complex study presents indoor and outdoor levels of air-borne fine particles, particle-bound PAHs and VOCs at two urban locations in the city of Kaunas, Lithuania, and considers possible sources of pollution. Two sampling campaigns were performed in January-February and March-April 2009. The mean outdoor PM2.5 concentration at Location 1 in winter was 34.5 +/- 15.2 [small micro]g m-3 while in spring it was 24.7 +/- 12.2 [small micro]g m-3; at Location 2 the corresponding values were 36.7 +/- 21.7 and 22.4 +/- 19.4 [small micro]g m-3, respectively. In general there was little difference between the PM concentrations at Locations 1 and 2. PM2.5 concentrations were lower during the spring sampling campaign. These PM concentrations were similar to those in many other European cities; however, the levels of most PAHs analysed were notably higher. The mean sum PAH concentrations at Locations 1 and 2 in the winter campaign were 75.1 +/- 32.7 and 32.7 +/- 11.8 ng m-3, respectively. These differences are greater than expected from the difference in traffic intensity at the two sites, suggesting that there is another significant source of PAH emissions at Location 1 in addition to the traffic. The low observed indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios indicate that PAH emissions at the locations studied arise primarily from outdoor sources. The buildings at both locations have old windows with wooden frames that are fairly permissive in terms of air circulation. VOC concentrations were mostly low and comparable to those reported from Sweden. The mean outdoor concentrations of VOC's were: 0.7 +/- 0.2, 3.0 +/- 0.8, 0.5 +/- 0.2, 3.5 +/- 0.3, and 0.2 +/- 0.1 [small micro]g m-3, for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, sum of m-, p-, o-xylenes, and naphthalene, respectively. Higher concentrations of VOCs were observed during the winter campaign, possibly due to slower dispersion, slower chemical transformations and/or the lengthy "cold start" period required by vehicles in the wintertime. A trajectory analysis showed that air masses coming from Eastern Europe carried significantly higher levels of PM2.5 compared to masses from other regions, but the PAHs within the PM2.5 are of local origin. It has been suggested that street dust, widely used for winter sanding activities in Eastern and Central European countries, may act not only as a source of PM, but also as source of particle-bound PAHs. Other potential sources include vehicle exhaust, domestic heating and long-range transport.
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| 7. |
- Lu, S. S., et al.
(författare)
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Are urinary PAHs biomarkers of controlled exposure to diesel exhaust?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biomarkers. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1354-750X .- 1366-5804. ; 19:4, s. 332-339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated as possible biomarkers of exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) in two controlled-chamber studies. We report levels of 14 PAHs from 28 subjects in urine that were collected before, immediately after and the morning after exposure. Using linear mixed-effects models, we tested for effects of DE exposure and several covariates (time, age, gender and urinary creatinine) on urinary PAH levels. DE exposures did not significantly alter urinary PAH levels. We conclude that urinary PAHs are not promising biomarkers of short-term exposures to DE in the range of 106-276 mu g/m(3).
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| 9. |
- Strandberg, Bo, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of three types of passive samplers for measuring 1,3-butadiene and benzene at workplaces
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Science-Processes & Impacts. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887. ; 16:5, s. 1008-1014
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1,3-Butadiene and benzene are common pollutants in both workplace and ambient air and have received attention for their adverse effects on human health. In exposure studies, simple and sensitive personal monitoring methods are preferable. Thermal desorption passive samplers seem optimal for this purpose, although in occupational studies chemical desorption samplers have been used more often. This may be because their utility for monitoring occupational atmospheres has not been thoroughly validated. Therefore, we evaluated thermal desorption passive samplers containing Carbopack Chi adsorbent from three manufacturers: Perkin Elmer, SKC-Ultra and Radiello. The uptake rates of benzene and 1,3-butadiene by these samplers were determined over 4 h or 8 h in exposure chamber studies at three concentrations likely to be found in occupational air. The samplers were also tested in a field study, at a petroleum refinery. The results were analyzed using multiple linear regression, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to compare uptake rates of the three passive samplers to those of an active sampler. The three samplers had similar and acceptable accuracy (ICC >= 0.9) for measuring benzene concentrations in the field environments, but only the Perkin Elmer sampler gave acceptable ICC values (similar to 0.85) for 1,3-butadiene over a full 8 h working shift in the field test. The results indicate that passive thermal desorption monitors can provide considerably lower limits of detection than chemical desorption monitors after 4-8 h sampling time, even down to environmental background concentrations, enabling comparison with measurements in ambient air.
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| 10. |
- Wierzbicka, Aneta, et al.
(författare)
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Detailed diesel exhaust characteristics including particle surface area and lung deposited dose for better understanding of health effects in human chamber exposure studies
- 2014
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 86, s. 212-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several diesel exhaust (DE) characteristics, comprising both particle and gas phase, recognized as important when linking with health effects, are not reported in human chamber exposure studies. In order to understand effects of DE on humans there is a need for better characterization of DE when performing exposure studies. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify detailed DE characteristics during human chamber exposure. Additionally to compare to reported DE properties in conducted human exposures. A wide battery of particle and gas phase measurement techniques have been used to provide detailed DE characteristics including the DE particles (DEP) surface area, fraction and dose deposited in the lungs, chemical composition of both particle and gas phase such as NO, NO2, CO, CO2, volatile organic compounds (including aldehydes, benzene, toluene) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Eyes, nose and throat irritation effects were determined. Exposure conditions with PM1 (<1 mu m) mass concentration 280 mu g m(-3), number concentration 4 x 10(5) cm(-3) and elemental to total carbon fraction of 82% were generated from a diesel vehicle at idling. When estimating the lung deposited dose it was found that using the size dependent effective density (in contrast to assuming unity density) reduced the estimated respiratory dose by 132% by mass. Accounting for agglomerated structure of DEP prevented underestimation of lung deposited dose by surface area by 37% in comparison to assuming spherical particles. Comparison of DE characteristics reported in conducted chamber exposures showed that DE properties vary to a great extent under the same DEP mass concentration and engine load. This highlights the need for detailed and standardized approach for measuring and reporting of DE properties. Eyes irritation effects, most probably caused by aldehydes in the gas phase, as well as nose irritation were observed at exposure levels below current occupational exposure limit values given for exhaust fumes. Reporting detailed DE characteristics that include DEP properties (such as mass and number concentration, size resolved information, surface area, chemical composition, lung deposited dose by number, mass and surface) and detailed gas phase including components known for their carcinogenic and irritation effect (e.g. aldehydes, benzene, PAHs) can help in determination of key parameters responsible for observed health effects and comparison of chamber exposure studies. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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