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Sökning: WFRF:(Subramanian V) > (2020-2024)

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1.
  • Abbafati, Cristiana, et al. (författare)
  • 2020
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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2.
  • Apine, E., et al. (författare)
  • Comparative analysis of the intestinal bacterial communities in mud crab Scylla serrata in South India
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Microbiologyopen. - : Wiley. - 2045-8827. ; 10:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Little is known about the functions of the crustacean gut microbiome, but environmental parameters and habitat are known to affect the composition of the intestinal microbiome, which may in turn affect the physiological status of the host. The mud crab Scylla serrata is an economically important species, and is wild-caught, and farmed across the Indo-Pacific region. In this study, we compared the composition of the gut microbiome (in terms of gut microbial species richness and abundance) of S. serrata collected from wild sites, and farms, from the east and west coast of India, and also tested the effects of the environment on the composition. The water temperature had a statistically significant effect on gut microbiome composition, with microbial biodiversity decreasing with increasing water temperature. This could have negative effects on both wild and farmed mud crabs under future climate change conditions, although further research into the effects of temperature on gut microbiomes is required. By comparison, salinity, crab mass and carapace width, geographical location as well as whether they were farmed or wild-caught crabs did not have a significant impact on gut microbiome composition. The results indicate that farming does not significantly alter the composition of the gut microbiome when compared to wild-caught crabs.
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3.
  • Cronin, M. F., et al. (författare)
  • Developing an Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) for the global ocean
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Ices Journal of Marine Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1054-3139 .- 1095-9289. ; 80:2, s. 367-73
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) is a new United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development programme working to develop a practical, integrated approach for observing air-sea interactions globally for improved Earth system (including ecosystem) forecasts, CO2 uptake assessments called for by the Paris Agreement, and invaluable surface ocean information for decision makers. Our "Theory of Change" relies upon leveraged multi-disciplinary activities, partnerships, and capacity strengthening. Recommendations from >40 OceanObs'19 community papers and a series of workshops have been consolidated into three interlinked Grand Ideas for creating #1: a globally distributed network of mobile air-sea observing platforms built around an expanded array of long-term time-series stations; #2: a satellite network, with high spatial and temporal resolution, optimized for measuring air-sea fluxes; and #3: improved representation of air-sea coupling in a hierarchy of Earth system models. OASIS activities are organized across five Theme Teams: (1) Observing Network Design & Model Improvement; (2) Partnership & Capacity Strengthening; (3) UN Decade OASIS Actions; (4) Best Practices & Interoperability Experiments; and (5) Findable-Accessible-Interoperable-Reusable (FAIR) models, data, and OASIS products. Stakeholders, including researchers, are actively recruited to participate in Theme Teams to help promote a predicted, safe, clean, healthy, resilient, and productive ocean.
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4.
  • Daoud, Adel, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • IMF fairness: Calibrating the policies of the International Monetary Fund based on distributive justice
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: World Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-750X .- 1873-5991. ; 157
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The International Monetary Fund (IMF) provides financial assistance to its member countries in economic difficulties but at the same time requires these countries to reform public policies. In several contexts, these reforms have been at odds with population health and material living standards. While researchers have empirically analyzed the consequences of IMF reforms on health, no analysis has yet identified under what conditions tradeoffs between consequences for populations and economic outcomes would be fair and acceptable. Our article analyzes and identifies five principles to govern such tradeoffs and thus define IMF fairness. The article first reviews existing policy-evaluation studies, which on balance show that IMF policies, in their pursuit of macroeconomic improvement, frequently produce adverse effects on children's health and material living standards. Secondly, the article discusses four theories from distributive ethics—maximization, egalitarianism, prioritarianism, and sufficientarianism—to identify which is most compatible with the IMF's core mission of improving macroeconomic conditions, while at the same time balancing the consequences for population outcomes. Using a distributive justice analysis of IMF policies, we argue that sufficientarianism constitutes the most compatible theory. Thirdly, the article formalizes IMF fairness in the language of causal inference. It also supplies a framework for empirically measuring the extent to which IMF policies fulfill the criteria of IMF fairness, using observational data.
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5.
  • Islar, Mine, et al. (författare)
  • Diverse values of nature for sustainability
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 620, s. 813-823
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Twenty-five years since foundational publications on valuing ecosystem services for human well-being1,2, addressing the global biodiversity crisis3 still implies confronting barriers to incorporating nature’s diverse values into decision-making. These barriers include powerful interests supported by current norms and legal rules such as property rights, which determine whose values and which values of nature are acted on. A better understanding of how and why nature is (under)valued is more urgent than ever4. Notwithstanding agreements to incorporate nature’s values into actions, including the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)5 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals6, predominant environmental and development policies still prioritize a subset of values, particularly those linked to markets, and ignore other ways people relate to and benefit from nature7. Arguably, a ‘values crisis’ underpins the intertwined crises of biodiversity loss and climate change8, pandemic emergence9 and socio-environmental injustices10. On the basis of more than 50,000 scientific publications, policy documents and Indigenous and local knowledge sources, the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) assessed knowledge on nature’s diverse values and valuation methods to gain insights into their role in policymaking and fuller integration into decisions7,11. Applying this evidence, combinations of values-centred approaches are proposed to improve valuation and address barriers to uptake, ultimately leveraging transformative changes towards more just (that is, fair treatment of people and nature, including inter- and intragenerational equity) and sustainable futures.
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6.
  • Karlsson, Omar, et al. (författare)
  • Changing speed of reduction in under-5 mortality rates over the 20th century
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 1470-2738 .- 0143-005X. ; 75:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Declines from high levels of under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) first occurred in Western Europe. Knowledge and technologies gained from early mortality reductions could accelerate the U5MR decline for countries that followed. We explored whether average annual reduction (AAR) in U5MR increased between countries over time in the 20th century.Methods We used U5MR time series from the Human Mortality Database and United Nations for 110 countries experiencing a decline from 100 to 50 under-5 deaths per 1000 live births during the 20th century.Results Between 1907 and 1938, the AAR was 2.61 (95% CI 2.09, 3.13) deaths per 1000 live births per year on average and increased by 0.06 (95% CI 0.02, 0.10) deaths for each year that passed before the decline started. Countries going through the decline in 1938–1968 and 1968–1999 showed an AAR of 3.96 and 3.67 (95% CI 3.37, 4.54 and 3.26, 4.07), respectively, with no increase in AAR.Conclusions Acceleration in U5MR reduction was apparent in today’s high-income countries, indicating that greater similarities and capacity may have facilitated the adaptation of mortality reducing knowledge and technologies. Greater emphasis on simple and individual-level interventions or more difficult circumstances may also explain the lack of acceleration in mortality reduction after 1950.
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7.
  • Karlsson, Omar, et al. (författare)
  • Child wasting before and after age two years: A cross-sectional study of 94 countries
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: EClinicalMedicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 2589-5370. ; 46
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundWasting reflects infections and poor nutrition and affects almost 50 million children at any given time. Wasting comes with immediate risk of mortality and increased risks for long-term negative consequences for development. Children under two are particularly sensitive to undernutrition and infections. We estimated the age patterning in wasting prevalence.MethodsWe calculated wasting prevalence and used Poisson regression models to estimate prevalence ratios comparing prevalence in children under and over two years using data from Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys from 94 mostly low- and middle-income countries, including 804,172 children under five, born to a nationally representative sample of women 15–49 years old. Wasting prevalence was defined as the percentage of children with weight-for-height below –2 z-score from the median of the WHO 2006 growth standard.FindingsWasting prevalence for children under two was 14% (95% CI: 13, 14) while it was 9% (95% CI: 9, 9) for children 2–4 years old—leading to a prevalence ratio of 0·66 (95% CI: 0·64, 0·67) in our pooled sample. Prevalence ratios were less than one, indicating lower prevalence in children over two, in 87 countries and statistically significantly lower than one at a 5% level (non-adjusted) in 68 countries. Wasting prevalence was generally lower in children under two for males and females and the wealthiest and poorest households.InterpretationSince wasting prevalence was observed to be greater among children 0–2 years, and adverse exposure to undernutrition and infections are particularly harmful and interventions are more effective during the 1000 days from conception until age two, nutrition interventions should ensure coverage of children under two through programmatic measures to increase detection and enrollment in wasting programs.
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8.
  • Karlsson, Omar, et al. (författare)
  • Consumption of Vitamin-A-Rich Foods and Vitamin A Supplementation for Children under Two Years Old in 51 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6643. ; 14:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Vitamin A supplementation for children 6-59 months old is an important intervention that boosts immune function, especially where children do not consume enough vitamin-A-rich foods. However, the low coverage of vitamin A supplementation is a persistent problem in low- and middle-income countries. We first estimated the percentage of children 6-23 months old receiving the minimum dietary diversity, vitamin-A-rich foods, and vitamin A supplementation, and second, the difference in the percentage receiving vitamin A supplementation between children 6-23 months old and children 24-59 months old using nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys, namely, the Demographic and Health Surveys, conducted from 2010 to 2019 in 51 low- and middle-income countries. Overall, 22% (95% CI: 22, 23) of children received the minimum dietary diversity, 55% (95% CI: 54, 55) received vitamin-A-rich foods, 59% (95% CI: 58, 59) received vitamin A supplementation, and 78% (95% CI: 78, 79) received either vitamin-A-rich foods or supplementation. A wide variation across countries was observed; for example, the percentage of children that received either vitamin-A-rich foods or supplementation ranged from 53% (95% CI: 49, 57) in Guinea to 96% (95% CI: 95, 97) in Burundi. The coverage of vitamin A supplementation should be improved, especially for children 6-23 months old, in most countries, particularly where the consumption of vitamin-A-rich foods is inadequate.
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9.
  • Karlsson, Omar, et al. (författare)
  • Estimating heritability of height without zygosity information for twins under five years in low- and middle-income countries : An application of normal finite mixture distribution models
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: SSM - Population Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-8273. ; 17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Twin studies are widely used to estimate heritability of traits and typically rely on knowing the zygosity of twin pairs in order to determine variation attributable to genetics. Most twin studies are conducted in high resource settings. Large scale household survey data, such as the Demographic and Health Surveys, collect various biomarkers for children under five years old in low- and middle-income countries. These data include twins but no information on zygosity. We applied mixture models to obtain heritability estimates without knowing zygosity of twins, using 249 Demographic and Health Surveys from 79 low- and middle-income countries (14,524 twin pairs). We focused on height of children, adjusted for age and sex, but also provided estimates for other biomarkers available in the data. We estimated that the heritability of height in our sample was 46%.
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10.
  • Karlsson, Omar, et al. (författare)
  • Maternal height-standardized prevalence of stunting in 67 low- and- middle-income countries
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology. - 0917-5040. ; 32:7, s. 337-337
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: Prevalence of stunting is frequently used as a marker of population-level child undernutrition. Parental height varies widely in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and is also a major determinant of stunting. While stunting is a useful measure of child health, with multiple causal components, removing the component attributable to parental height may in some cases be helpful to identify shortcoming in current environments.Methods: We estimated maternal height-standardized prevalence of stunting (SPS) in 67 LMIC and parental height-SPS in 20 LMICs and compared with crude prevalence of stunting (CPS) using data on 575,767 children under-five from 67 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). We supplemented the DHS with population-level measures of other child health outcomes from the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Health Observatory and the United Nations' Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Prevalence of stunting was defined as percentage of children with height-for-age falling below -2 z-scores from the 2006 WHO growth standard.Findings: The average CPS across countries was 27.8% (95% CI: 27.5 to 28.1) and the average SPS was 23.3% (95% CI: 23.0 to 23.6). The rank of countries according to SPS differed substantially from the rank according to CPS. Guatemala, Bangladesh, and Nepal had the biggest improvement in ranking according to SPS compared to CPS, while Gambia, Mali, and Senegal had the biggest decline in ranking. Guatemala had the largest difference between CPS and SPS with a CPS of 45.2 (95% CI: 43.7 to 46.9) and SPS of 14.1 (95% CI: 12.6 to 15.8). Senegal had the largest increase in the prevalence after standardizing maternal height, with a CPS of 28.8% (95% CI: 25.8 to 30.2) and SPS of 31.6% (95% CI: 29.5 to 33.8). SPS correlates better than CPS with other population-level measures of child health.Conclusions: Our study suggests that CPS is sensitive to adjustment for maternal height. Maternal height, while a strong predictor of child stunting, is not amenable to policy interventions. We showed the plausibility of SPS in capturing current exposures to undernutrition and infections in children.
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