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| 2. |
- Collentine, Dennis, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the Environmental and Economic Impact of Taxes on Pesticides: Case Study of a Tax on Toxicity
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regulation of pesticides has often followed a command and control approach. However, economic instruments allow for environmental goals to be used for targeting as well as provide users (farmers) with flexibility in their response. The primary environmental effects of concern from the use of plant pesticides are related to the toxic effects on non-targeted organisms in environmental media. This paper describes a methodology for ex ante evaluation of policy alternatives for reducing the impact on the aquatic environment from pesticide use.The proposed methodology consists of several components. It uses the Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) for defining an environmental goal and for evaluation of the environmental effect of policy alternatives, a field based model MACRO-DB for describing the impact of crop management programs and agricultural land use on concentrations of active compounds from pesticide use and the use of economic modelling to determine the effect on farm income from alternative tax schemes. The paper presents an application of this method using empirical data from a small agricultural catchment in Southern Sweden and compares the economic and environmental effects of a differentiated tax on the most toxic class of pesticides and a flat tax on all pesticides. On average the costs of reducing environmental impacts by one unit of PTI were estimated to be €1 009 for the flat tax and €71,5 for the differentiated tax.
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| 3. |
- Granvik, Madeleine, et al.
(författare)
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Prospects of multifunctional agriculture as a facilitator of sustainable Rural Development: Swedish experience of Pillar 2 of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).
- 2012
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Ingår i: Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift / Norwegian Journal of Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0029-1951 .- 1502-5292. ; 66, s. 155-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agriculture remains one of the dominant activities in rural areas across the European Union (EU), not least in respect of land use and its impact on landscapes. The Agenda 2000 reform of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) introduced rural development as an integrated part of agricultural policy. The present study focuses on the second pillar of CAP. Multifunctional farming, more than any other rural activity, has a role to play in integrating the natural environment with the cultural landscape and socio-economic development. The question of how multifunctional agriculture can facilitate sustainable rural development is addressed in terms of mechanisms and inherent possibilities. Results from a case study in O¨ stergo¨tland in Sweden are discussed in relation to five other European case studies. Some main findings are that Pillar 2 has made it possible for rural inhabitants to continue living in rural areas and that the policies are effective in identifying and supporting new opportunities for farm diversification. The traditional agricultural landscape can be seen as a key component in various diversification activities in rural areas, contributing to economic as well as social and environmental sustainability.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hoffmann, Ruben, et al.
(författare)
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The Demand for (Non)alcoholic Beverages in France and the Impact of Advertising
- 2013
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Ingår i: Wine Economics - Quantitative Studies and Empirical Applications. - 9781137289513 ; , s. 49-70
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter analyses the ways in which advertising expenditures influence the demand for alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in France. Using annual data for the period 1977 to 2004, a conditional dynamic demand system is estimated econometrically for spirits, champagne and sparkling wines, still wine, beer and non-alcoholic beverages. Advertising expenditure is modelled as affecting per capita demand for alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages through a translation parameter. Special attention is given to the impact of the Evin Law implemented in 1991 in France which restricted the use of advertising for alcoholic beverages. The results show that the law has affected consumer demand for alcoholic beverages and support is found for the existence of subsistence levels which in the model is captured by translation variables.
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| 6. |
- Hristov, Jordan, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of uncertainty in a fuzzy Input-Output analysis of water consumption applied to Macedonia
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. - : University of Ljubljana. - 1581-9175 .- 1854-1941. ; 102, s. 87-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reconsiders the reliability of the results obtained by Hristovetal.(2012) from the input-output analysis of water consumption, by taking into account the effect of uncertainty inherent in the data. The imprecision and uncertainty is studied within a workable fuzzy environment as introduced by Beynon et al. (2005), where rank reversal is plausible. In addition, the water-intensive structure of the Macedonian economy is investigated by applying Dietzenbacher eigenvector methodology (1992). As suggested in the analysis of Hristov et al. (2012), the water-intensive structure of the economy in Macedonia is confirmed as being mainly focused on agriculture and several industrial sectors, given that rank reversal is absent. Consequently, there is a need to introduce changes in the agricultural production technology as well as the specialization of production in this region.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Rude, James, et al.
(författare)
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A generalized double-hurdle model of Swedish gambling expenditures
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 46, s. 4151-4163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article estimates the relationship between demand for Swedish gambling, income and the other socioeconomic variables using empirical models of participation and gambling expenditure. It also indirectly attempts to account for the effect of a recent recession on gambling behaviour by examining gambling behaviour when the economy was growing versus the period immediately after a major recession. The aim of the article is to analyse the factors influencing gambling decisions. This is done using the double-hurdle method adjusted for the problems of heteroscedasticity and nonnormality using an approach that can handle extreme values and address skewness. The empirical results ruled out Tobit-type models and normally distributed double-hurdle models. The pattern on income elasticities across income classes implies that implicit Swedish gaming taxes are regressive. Income elasticities become smaller after the recession and the decision to participate changed with respect to the several of the demographic variables.
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| 9. |
- Rude, James, et al.
(författare)
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Canadian Hog Supply Response: A Provincial Level Analysis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics / Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie. - : Wiley. - 0008-3976 .- 1744-7976. ; 62, s. 149-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Canada's hog sector has faced two decades of tumultuous growth, yet there are no recent estimates of supply response. This study uses state-space methods to account for a multiplicity of autonomous structural changes impacting the sector and determines if the fundamental relationship between supply response and hog prices has changed from previous estimates. The results are consistent with prior research but offer the reader previously unavailable estimates of supply response with respect to feed prices and the variability of hog and feed prices. Feed price elasticities are somewhat larger than hog price elasticities. The effects of price risk for supply response appear quite muted but the impacts of feed price risk are greater than for hog price risk.
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| 10. |
- Surry, Yves, et al.
(författare)
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A hedonic analysis of the price for horse riding lessons in Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-0780 .- 2213-0799. ; 7-8, s. 65-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Riding school businesses have evolved as popular providers of recreational services in many rural and peri-urban regions of northern and western Europe. We conducted a country-wide survey of riding schools in Sweden to analyse determinants of the price of riding lessons for adults and children. We found that riding schools depend heavily on the willingness of customers to commute,with a positive relationship between the price of a riding lesson and average household income, as well as population density in the municipality. Older schools charged on average higher prices than newly established schools and the presence of an indoor arena proved to be the single most important physical price determinant. Existing financial support to riding schools does not seem to affect the price per lesson directly. Education of riding school managers can be distinguished between various generic skills that allow riding lessons to be provided at a lower price, and specific riding instruction skills for which a premium can be charged.
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