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- Engel, J A, et al.
(författare)
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Biochemical and behavioral evidence for an interaction between ethanol and calcium channel antagonists.
- 1988
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Ingår i: Journal of neural transmission. ; 74:3, s. 181-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present series of experiments we have studied the effects of the dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist nifedipine on ethanol-induced changes in behavior and dopamine (DA) release and metabolism. The locomotor-stimulatory effect of low doses of ethanol (2.5 g/kg) was antagonized by nifedipine, whereas ethanol-induced sedation observed after higher doses (4.5 g/kg) was potentiated. Biochemical studies indicated that ethanol enhanced the metabolism and release of DA in the striatum and the DA-rich limbic regions measured by post mortem analyses of DA-metabolites by HPLC with electrochemical detection and by in vivo voltammetry in anaesthetized rats, respectively. Pretreatment with nifedipine antagonized the stimulatory effects of ethanol on the DA-system. Nifedipine reduced the preference for ethanol, estimated by the relative intake of ethanol (6% v/v) and water in a free-choice situation, suggesting an influence of nifedipine not only on the stimulatory but also on the positive reinforcing effects of ethanol. The present results suggest that the locomotor-stimulatory and positive reinforcing effects of ethanol as well as its enhancing effect on dopaminergic activity may involve an enhancement of calcium mediated mechanisms.
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- Flam, Harry, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal Subsidies to Declining Industries : Efficiency and Equity Considerations
- 1982
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper consider equity vs. efficiency in a small economy that subsidizes an industry facing falling world market prices. Subsidies keep up output in the short run when wages and factors are rigid. But once introduced subsidies become permanent, because of pressures from vested interests. This creates misallocation of resources in the long run. An optimal efficiency subsidy balances the short-run gains and long-run losses. It should be raised when prices fall if there is full employment initially and lowered if there is unemployment. An optimal distribution subsidy, which aims at maintaining the sxisting income distribution, should always be raised.
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- Hamilton, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Testing Theories of Trade Among Many Countries
- 1982
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective with this paper is to test the factor proportions of trade applying the framework of Ronald jones (1974) and Anne Krueger (1977). Krueger, unsatisfied with the standard way of interpreting Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson (HOS) model in empirical testing, concludes "that a meaningful interpretation of the HOS model must lie within the manufacturing sector in a world of many countries. Once focus is so shifted, it becomes immediately apparent that the HOS predictions are more likely to be borne out in patterns of specialization within manufacturing [production] than in comparison of factor proportions in the exporting and importing-competing industries" (p. 43). What distinguishes this paper particularly from other empirical studies is that we use production and consumption data in addition to trade data. This enables us to test some additional hypotheses about international trade production and consumption.
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- Harris, A.S., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of viscosity on the pharmacokinetics and biological response to intranasal desmopressin.
- 1989
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Ingår i: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3549. ; 78:6, s. 470-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- he effect of viscosity on the nasal absorption and biological response to desmopressin was studied in humans. Nasal solutions of desmopressin with and without the addition of 0.25% (w/v) methylcellulose were administered by a precompression nasal spray pump to 10 volunteers. Plasma levels of desmopressin were assayed by radioimmunoassay and the biological response was measured by determination of the antihemophilia factors (Factor VIII and von Willebrand factor). The results showed that the addition of methylcellulose produced a more sustained and slower absorption, with a longer time to maximum plasma concentration (tmax). However, the areas under the plasma concentration—time curve were not different, indicating a similar total bioavailability. The biological response showed a similar effect. Peak Factor VIII activity was not different, but the presence of methylcellulose produced a slower onset of activity. These findings indicate that although the addition of a viscous agent to nasal formulations may produce a more sustained effect, it delays the onset of activity and no enhancement is achieved in the total bioavailability.
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