| 1. |
- Landin-Olsson, Mona, et al.
(författare)
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Immunoreactive trypsin(Ogen) in the sera of children with recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes and matched controls
- 1990
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Ingår i: Pancreas. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0885-3177. ; 5:3, s. 241-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To evaluate the exocrine pancreatic function at the time of diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, we determined immunoreactive an-odal and cathodal trypsin(ogen) levels in sera from almost all children (n = 375) 0-14 years of age in Sweden in whom diabetes developed during 1 year, and in sex-, age-, and geographically matched control subjects (n = 312). The median level of anodal trypsin(ogen) was 5 (quartile range, 3-7) µg/L in children with newly diagnosed diabetes, compared with a median level of 7 (quartile range, 4-8) µg/L in control subjects (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the median level of cathodal trypsin(ogen) was 8 (quartile range, 4-10) µg/L in children with diabetes, compared with a median level of 11 (quartile range, 7-15) µg/L in control subjects (p < 0.0001). The median of the individual ratios between cathodal and anodal trypsin(ogen) was 1.4 in the diabetic patients and 1.7 in the control children (p < 0.001). In a multivariate test, however, only the decrease in cathodal trypsin(ogen) concentration was associated with diabetes. The levels of trypsin(ogen)s did not correlate with levels of islet cell antibodies, present in 81% of the diabetic children. Several mechanisms may explain our findings, for example, similar pathogenetic factors may affect both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas simultaneously, a failing local trophic stimulation by insulin on the exocrine cells may decrease the trypsinogen production, and there may be an increased elimination of trypsin(ogen) because of higher filtration through the kidneys in the hyperglycemic state.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Johannesson, M., et al.
(författare)
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The cost of screening for hypercholesterolaemia- results from a clinical trial in Swedish primary health care
- 1993
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. - : Informa UK Ltd. - 1502-7686 .- 0036-5513. ; 53:7, s. 725-732
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A convenience sample of the population was screened for inclusion in a study of the effectiveness of a lipid lowering programme. Included in the study were adults 30-59 years of age with a S-Cholesterol of 6.50 7.79 mmol 1_1 at randomization, plus two previous values ≥ 6.50 mmol 1_1 at screening and selection, with at least two other cardiovascular risk factors. In total 447 persons were screened and 37 were randomized into the lipid lowering programme. The mean cost per randomized person was estimated at about SEK 7500 (Swedish Crowns). An analysis of different inclusion criteria for treatment was also carried out. The cost of finding a patient to treat in the clinical trial was estimated to be more than three times as high with a total cholesterol cut-off point of 7.80 mmol 1−1 compared with a cut-off point of 5.20mmol 1−1.
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| 4. |
- Jönsson, A, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation and characterization of surface active erucic acid derivatives
- 1990
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. - 0003-021X .- 1558-9331. ; 67, s. 733-738
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nonionic, cationic and anionic surfactants, derivatives of cis-13-docosenoic acid (erucic acid) have been prepared and characterized, and their performance has been evaluated and compared with the corresponding derivatives of fatty acids with shorter alkyl chain length. Nonionic erucic acid ethoxylates give a solution behavior anticipated from the hydropholic-lipophilc balance of the molecule; however, the incresed molecular size as compared to ordinary surfactants results, eg., in higher temperature stability of the surfactants aggregates. Anomalous solution behavior was found and investigated for anionic surfactants, trithanolammonium salts of erucic acid, and some shorter homolouges. The effects are discussed in terms of the asidbase equilibra of the alkanolammonium counterion and the acid, together with effects due to the molecular size of the counterion.
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| 5. |
- Wärnheim, T, et al.
(författare)
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Phase behaviour of alkanolammonium carboxylates
- 1992
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Ingår i: Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science. - 0340-255X .- 1437-8027. ; 88, s. 18-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Partial binary phase diagrams for thirteen different alkanolammonium carboxylates with water have been determined. The alkanolamines employed were monoethanolamine, triethanolamine and triisopropanol--amine, while the fatty acid has been varied with respect to chain length (C8 - C22) and saturation. The phase diagrams show the features that distinguish them from ordinary soap-water phase diagrams. First, multi-phase regions and miscibility gaps occur at low concentrations of surfactant, in particular for triethanolammonium carboxylates. Secondly, the stability regions of the liquid crystalline phases are different, and in general smaller com--pared to those formed by the corresponding alkali carboxylates. It is suggested that the first feature is due to that alkanolamines are weak bases and thus, that any surfactant aggregate comprises a few percent of unhydrolyzed acid, while the second feature is attributed to the larger size of the counterion compared to alkali ions, which tends to destabilize ordered structures.
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| 6. |
- Wärnheim, T, et al.
(författare)
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Phase diagrams for cationic surfactants in polar solvent systems
- 1990
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Ingår i: Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science. - 0340-255X .- 1437-8027. ; 82, s. 271-279
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phase diagrams are presented for cationic surfactants, and alkyltrimethyl ammonium bromide in polar solvent systems, such as ethylene glycol, formamide, glycerol, and their mixtures with water. Provided that the solvent is sufficiently lipophobic, and that the hydrocarbon moiety of the surfactant is sufficiently large, liquid crystalline phases form according to the normal association pattern for ionic surfactants. In, for example, ethylene glycol, liquid crystals are only formed with surfactants with a longer alkyl chain length than dodecyl.-The formation of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide microemulsions containing polar solvents- mainly formamide, water and their mixtures-and hydrocarbon has been studied. The extension of the solution phase region may decrease, although the mutual miscibility of polar solvent and the hydrocarbon increases. NMR self-diffusion measurements reveal that this is accompanied by a corresponding loss of structure, i.e., a smaller distinction between polar and apolar regions.
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| 7. |
- Wärnheim, T, et al.
(författare)
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Surfactant aggregation in systems containing alkanol amines and fatty acids
- 1990
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Ingår i: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. - 0021-9797 .- 1095-7103. ; 138, s. 314-323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phase diagrams of six different alkanolammonium carboxylate-water systems have been determined. Their phase behavior differs from that of ordinary soaps, since there are large differences between the systems for varying alkyl chain lengths of the carboxylate. In addition, the chemical structure of the alkanolammonium counterion also affects the phase equilibria. For short alkyl chain carboxylates the liquid crystalline phases disappear (e.g., for triethanolammonium octanoate) or decrease in extension (e.g., for monoethanolammonium octanoate), although the surfactant readily aggregates in solution. In contrast, long alkyl chain carboxylates behave like swelling amphiphiles with a low aqueous solubility and the immediate formation of a lamellar phase (e.g., for tri-and monoethanolammonium oleate). It is shown that the distrubition between acid and soap causes these effects. The lower surface charge of the surfactant aggregates compared to that of orinary soap micelles is also reflected in a lowering of the critical micellization concentration.
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