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- Lebacq, A L, et al.
(författare)
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European intercomparison on the measurement of l-131 in thyroid of adults and children.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Radiation Measurements. - : Elsevier BV. - 1350-4487. ; 129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In case of a nuclear reactor accident affecting a large population the internal contamination of the workers and the public can be assessed through in vivo measurements. Since iodine-131 is one of the most important releases and since it is of health concern, thyroid monitoring of this radionuclide is of special interest. Intercomparisons of thyroid in vivo measurements usually focus on the adult case. Here we report about a European intercomparison exercise for spectroscopic devices. Three sets of thyroid phantoms of unknown activity were circulated, representing the following ages: 5 years-old, 10 years-old and the adult. Nineteen institutions from twelve countries in Europe took part in an intercomparison exercise. Twenty-nine measurement devices have been tested. In the adult case, 5 results were outside the acceptance criteria and 10 in the 10-years old case. In the 5 years-old case, the result was not reported for one measurement device and 11 results were outside the acceptance criteria. Devices that have been tested during this intercomparison now dispose of calibration coefficients for the three age groups.
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| 2. |
- Taba, P., et al.
(författare)
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EAN consensus review on prevention, diagnosis and management of tick-borne encephalitis
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Journal of Neurology. - : WILEY. - 1351-5101 .- 1468-1331. ; 24:10, s. 1214-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and purpose: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and transmitted by ticks, with a variety of clinical manifestations. The incidence of TBE in Europe is increasing due to an extended season of the infection and the enlargement of endemic areas. Our objectives are to provide recommendations on the prevention, diagnosis and management of TBE, based on evidence or consensus decisions. Methods: For systematic evaluation, the literature was searched from 1970 to 2015 (including early online publications of 2016), and recommendations were based on evidence or consensus decisions of the Task Force when evidence-based data were not available. Recommendations: Vaccination against TBE is recommended for all age groups above 1 year in highly endemic areas (amp;gt;= 5 cases/100 000/year), but also for individuals at risk in areas with a lower incidence. Travellers to endemic areas should be vaccinated if their visits will include extensive outdoor activities. Post-exposure prophylaxis after a tick bite is not recommended. A case of TBE is defined by the presence of clinical signs of meningitis, meningoencephalitis or meningoencephalomyelitis with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis (amp;gt;5 x 10(6) cells/l) and the presence of specific TBEV serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies, CSF IgM antibodies or TBEV IgG seroconversion. TBEV-specific polymerase chain reaction in blood is diagnostic in the first viremic phase but it is not sensitive in the second phase of TBE with clinical manifestations of CNS inflammation. Lumbar puncture should be performed in all patients with suspected CNS infection unless there are contraindications. Imaging of the brain and spinal cord has a low sensitivity and a low specificity, but it is useful for differential diagnosis. No effective antiviral or immunomodulating therapy is available for TBE; therefore the treatment is symptomatic. Patients with a potentially life threatening meningoencephalitis or meningoencephalomyelitis should be admitted to an intensive care unit. In the case of brain oedema, analgosedation should be deepened; osmotherapy and corticosteroids are not routinely recommended. If intracranial pressure is increased, therapeutic hypothermia or decompressive craniectomy might be considered. Seizures should be treated as any other symptomatic epileptic seizures. Conclusions: Tick-borne encephalitis is a viral CNS infection that may result in long-term neurological sequelae. Since its incidence in Europe is increasing due to broadening of endemic areas and prolongation of the tick activity season, the health burden of TBE is enlarging. There is no effective antiviral treatment for TBE, but the disease may be effectively prevented by vaccination.
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