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- Eastwood, D. S., et al.
(författare)
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X-ray scattering from two-dimensionally patterned magnetic thin film nanoscale arrays
- 2007
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Ingår i: Superlattices and Microstructures. - : Elsevier BV. - 0749-6036 .- 1096-3677. ; 41:2-3, s. 163-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin metallic films patterned into nanoscale periodic arrays give rise to coherent satellites on either side of the specular reflection when illuminated at grazing incidence with x-rays. We have used grazing incidence x-ray scattering to probe the crystallography of two-dimensional patterned arrays. Excellent agreement is obtained between experimental scattering profiles and those simulated using a fast Fourier transform method. The technique is appropriate to any shape of patterned element. It is shown that the symmetry of the satellites in an azimuthal rotation map of the scattered intensity provides a sensitive means of measuring symmetry of the two-dimensional order in patterned nanostructures. Furthermore, the in-plane coherence length of the array is found to determine the lineshape of the coherent satellite peaks. We find very good agreement between experimental and simulated rotation maps for the two dimensional array.
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- Klein, Richard J.T., et al.
(författare)
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Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming of adaptation to climate change into development assistance
- 2007
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Ingår i: Climate change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 84:1, s. 23-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The need to mainstream adaptation to climate change into development planning and ongoing sectoral decision-making is increasingly recognised, and several bilateral and multilateral development agencies are starting to take an interest. Over the past years at least six development agencies have screened their project portfolios, generally with two goals in mind: (1) to ascertain the extent to which existing development projects already consider climate risks or address vulnerability to climate variability and change, and (2) to identify opportunities for incorporating climate change explicitly into future projects. As each portfolio screening was conducted independently, the broader lessons emerging from the screenings have not been systematically analysed. In this paper we assess the screening activities to date, focusing on both the results and the methods applied. Based on this assessment we identify opportunities for development agencies to expand their current focus on the links between climate and development. Most agencies already consider climate change as a real but uncertain threat to future development, but they have given less thought to how different development patterns might affect vulnerability to climate change. The screenings undertaken have shown the need to take a comprehensive approach to adaptation and its integration into development planning and sectoral decision-making, and a number of policy initiatives have been taken to promote such integration. We provide some initial guidance as to how portfolio screening can be carried out in a way that would allow agencies to assess systematically the relevance of climate change to their ongoing and planned development projects.
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