Combining ab‐initio and machine learning techniques for theoretical simulations of hard nitrides at extreme conditions

• In this thesis I focus on combining the high accuracy of first-principles calculations with modern machine learning methods to make large scale investigations of industrially relevant nitride systems reliable and computationally viable. I study the electronic, thermodynamic and mechanical properties of two families of compounds: Ti1−xAlxN alloys at the operational conditions of industrial cutting tools and ReNx systems at crushing pres-sures comparable to inner earth core conditions. Standard first-principles simulations of materials are usually carried out at zero temperature and pressure, and while many state-of-the-art approaches can take these effects into account, they are usually accompanied by a substantial increase in computational demand. In this thesis I therefore explore the possiblities of studying materials at extreme conditions using machine learning methods with extraordinary efficiency without loss of calculational accuracy. Ti1−xAlxN alloy coatings exhibit exceptional properties due to their inherent ability to spinodally decompose at elevated temperature, leading to age-hardening. Since the cubic B1 phase of Ti1−xAlxN is well-studied, available high-accuracy first-principles data served as both a benchmark and data set on which to train a machine learning interatomic potential. Using the reliable moment tensor potentials, an investigation of the accuracy and efficiency of this approach was carried out in a machine learning study. Building upon the success of this technique, implementation of a learning-on-the-fly (active learning) methodology into a workflow to determine accurate material properties with minimal prior knowledge showed great promise, while maintaining a computational demand up to two orders of magnitude lower than comparable first-principles approaches. Investigations of properties of industrially lesser desired, but sometimes present hexagonal alloy phases of Ti1−xAlxN are also included in this thesis, since knowledge and understanding of all competing phases can help guide development toward improving cutting tool lifetime and performance. Furthermore, while w-Ti1−xAlxN may not be able to compete with its cubic counterpart in terms of hardness, it shows promise for other applications due to its electronic and elastic properties. Metastable ReNx phases are high energy materials due to their covalent N-N and Re-N bonds, leading to exceptional mechanical and electronic properties. Just like diamond, the hardest and arguably most famous metastable mate-rial naturally occurring on earth, they are stabilized by extreme pressures and high temperatures, but can be quenched to ambient conditions. Understanding the formation and existence of these non-equilibrium compounds may hold the key to unlocking a new generation of hard materials. In this thesis, all currently known phases of ReNx compounds have been investigated, encompassing both experimentally observed and theoretically suggested structures. Investigations of the convex hulls across a broad pressure range were carried out, coupled with calculations of phonons in the proposed crystals to determine both energetic and dynamical stability. Overall, the studies included in this thesis focused mainly on investigation of the ground state of ReN2 at higher pressure, where experimental results were deviating from earlier theoretical predictions. Additional research focused on specifically exploring properties and stability of novel ReN6 at synthesis conditions using the active learning workflow to train an interatomic potential. 

Ämnesord

NATURVETENSKAP  -- Fysik -- Den kondenserade materiens fysik (hsv//swe)

NATURAL SCIENCES  -- Physical Sciences -- Condensed Matter Physics (hsv//eng)

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