| 1. |
- Granåsen, Magdalena, 1978-
(författare)
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Exploring C2 Capability and Effectiveness in Challenging Situations : Interorganizational Crisis Management, Military Operations and Cyber Defence
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Modern societies are affected by various threats and hazards, including natural disasters, cyber-attacks, extreme weather events and inter-state conflicts. Managing these challenging situations requires immediate actions, suspension of ordinary procedures, decision making under uncertainty and coordinated action. In other words, challenging situations put high demands on the command and control (C2) capability. To strengthen the capability of C2, it is vital to identify the prerequisites for effective coordination and direction within the domain of interest. This thesis explores C2 capability and effectiveness in three domains: interorganizational crisis management, military command and control, and cyber defence operations. The thesis aims to answer three research questions: (1) What constitutes C2 capability? (2) What constitutes C2 effectiveness? and (3) How can C2 effectiveness be assessed? The work was carried out as two case studies and one systematic literature review. The main contributions of the thesis are the identification of perspectives of C2 capability in challenging situations and an overview of approaches to C2 effectiveness assessment. Based on the results of the three studies, six recurring perspectives of capability in the domains studied were identified: interaction (collaboration), direction and coordination, relationships, situation awareness, resilience and preparedness. In the domains there are differences concerning which perspectives that are most emphasized in order obtain C2 capability. C2 effectiveness is defined as the extent to which a C2 system is successful in achieving its intended result. The thesis discusses the interconnectedness of performance and effectiveness measures, and concludes that there is not a united view on the difference between measures of effectiveness and measures of performance. Different approaches to effectiveness assessment were identified, where assessment may be conducted based on one specific issue, in relation to a defined goal for a C2 function or using a more exploratory approach.
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| 2. |
- Lindbom, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Capability assessments - How to make them useful for decision-making
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 31, s. 251-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Capability assessments are becoming increasingly common as part of risk management activities worldwide. Despite this, there is no consensus concerning how these assessments are best conducted and presented. Recent studies suggest that two factors may influence the usefulness of capability assessments for decision-making: namely, whether the assessment includes descriptions of the resources available to an actor, and how well this actor can accomplish specific tasks. The present study was carried out to investigate the importance of including information on these factors in capability assessments. The experimental study conducted involved four fictive versions of capability assessments, differing in whether they included information about resources and tasks. Over 200 risk management professionals rated how useful they perceived each version to be as the basis for decision-making. The results show that it is important to include specific information on resources and tasks in capability assessments, and that the assessments including both were most useful, from a decision-making perspective.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Månsson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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On common terms with shared risks - Studying the communication of risk between local, regional and national authorities in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 13:September 2015, s. 441-453
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Uncommon categorization, i.e. disparities in how similar terms and information is interpreted, coded and categorized, has been shown to impede inter-agency communication and collective sense-making. This study focuses on the presence and effects of uncommon categorizations in disaster risk management systems. We use the Swedish disaster risk management system as our case, and our empirical data consist of more than 120 reports from risk and vulnerability assessments, supplemented by 45 semi-qualitative interviews with officials who are involved in the realization of such assessments. Apart from investigating the causes and effects of uncommon categorization, we also map its extent and character, and its development between the years 2010 and 2014. The study shows that uncommon categorization is prevalent in the Swedish disaster risk management system. We argue that this has an extremely detrimental effect on the ability to integrate risk information, resulting in less useful bases for decisions and, thus, in a less efficient disaster risk management system. Nevertheless, we can also see signs of a reduction in uncommon categorization in recent years.
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| 5. |
- Pramanik, Roshni, et al.
(författare)
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Motivating factors towards willingness to contribute in collaborative tasks: A crisis cooperation perspective
- 2015
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Ingår i: Safety and Reliability of Complex Engineered Systems - Proceedings of the 25th European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2015. - : CRC Press/Balkema. - 9781138028791 ; , s. 237-243
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interaction among various stakeholder organizations in modern crisis response is very similar to negotiation where each organization has its own goal in addition to a common goal. Decision makers in stakeholder organizations most often have to settle for win-win situations to attain higher joint benefit. In such cases willingness to contribute in joint tasks becomes a prerequisite. In our present study performed with 111 crisis management professionals from various stakeholder organizations in decision making roles, we study familiarity and expectation to future cooperation as constructs that can motivate decision makers to be more willing to contribute to joint tasks in crisis response.
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| 6. |
- Pramanik, Roshni, et al.
(författare)
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Organizational Adaptation in Multi-Stakeholder Crisis Response : An Experimental Study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. - : Wiley. - 0966-0879 .- 1468-5973. ; 23:4, s. 234-245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern day crises demand organizations to collaborate and adapt to new roles, functions and structures. In such situations, lack of collaborative behaviour and openness between organizations can result in reduced adaptive ability. Therefore, it is important to facilitate collaboration between organizations. We have studied the extent to which crisis managers are prepared to work with personnel and resources from organizations other than their own when responding to crises. An experiment was designed with four different organizations in Sweden, which involved decision making concerning whether the participants systematically favoured their own organization over others. Findings indicate that increasing familiarity and expectation of future cooperation with other organizations increased the likelihood that decision makers would be prepared to work with other organizations in joint crisis management.
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| 7. |
- Tehler, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Standardization of disaster risk management - Challenges and opportunities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Standardization and Risk Governance : A Multi-Disciplinary Approach - A Multi-Disciplinary Approach. - London : Routledge. - 9780429290817 ; , s. 61-78
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter discusses the question of whether increasing the level of standardization in a disaster risk management system will increase its effectiveness. Based on the results from several studies conducted in the context of the Swedish disaster risk management system, the authors argue that there are both positive and negative effects of increased standardization. More precisely, studies based on experiments indicate that increasing the extent of standardization of risk descriptions will probably facilitate the work of combining several sources of information in a risk assessment. But a study based on interviews and document reviews indicates that increasing the level of standardization might also lead to a reduction of motivation to conduct risk assessments. Thus, although increasing the level of standardization in a disaster risk management context might be an opportunity to facilitate the work of assessing risk, it might also result in new challenges.
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| 8. |
- Becker, Per, et al.
(författare)
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An emergent means to assurgent ends : Societal resilience for safety and sustainability
- 2016
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Ingår i: Becoming Resilient. - : CRC Press. - 9781472425157 - 9781317065234 ; 2, s. 1-12
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Societal safety and sustainability are key challenges in our complex and dynamic world, causing growth in interest of applying the concept of resilience in broader societal contexts. This chapter presents a concept of societal resilience that builds on established theory of Resilience Engineering and operationalises the concept by presenting its purpose, required functions and a way to identify and analyse the complex network of actual forms that together achieve these functions in society. The framework for analysing societal resilience is then tested in practice with interesting results. Although the framework has challenges and limitations, the Resilience Engineering approach to societal resilience seems to be both a conceptually and pragmatically fruitful path to follow.
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| 9. |
- Beerens, Ralf, et al.
(författare)
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Scoping the field of disaster exercise evaluation - A literature overview and analysis
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 19, s. 413-446
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evaluation of emergency, disaster and crisis management exercises supports both individual and organisational learning, facilitates the development of response capabilities, and helps to determine whether the current level of preparedness is good enough. Nevertheless, despite its importance in the field of disaster risk management, there is a lack of a comprehensive overview of research in the area. The aim of the paper is to provide such an overview. A scoping study identified the key contributions on the topic of disaster exercise evaluation, provides an overview of research in the area, and analyses opportunities for future work. The purpose, function and form of the evaluation provided the framework for the analysis, which was applied to the scoping study results. The results indicate a lack of academic interest. Although exercises take place on a regular basis and are often used for research purposes, their evaluations are seldom the focus of attention per se. Moreover, contributions that do focus on evaluations are spread over several disciplines. Nevertheless, the results indicate that recent contributions are becoming more coherent as they build on each other (or at least refer to each other), even if they are produced within different disciplines. Despite encouraging signs of a more cohesive scientific corpus on the evaluation of disaster exercises, there is still room for improvement. The scientific discourse would benefit from greater clarity regarding: (1) the purpose and context in which a specific evaluation method is designed to be used; (2) what the method needs to do (or produce) in order for it to fulfil the purpose; and (3) how the method achieves its goal and thereby fulfils its purpose. Moreover, in order to help researchers to build on each other's work and suggest improvements to evaluation methods, it is urgent that the supporting evidence (for example, empirical data or logical reasoning) for claims regarding the usefulness of a specific method is clearly presented. This is likely to lead to a more vigorous scientific discourse, which will result in increasingly relevant and robust arguments related to how to approach the problem of evaluating disaster exercises in practice.
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| 10. |
- Frykmer, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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On collective improvisation in crisis management – A scoping study analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-7535. ; 110, s. 100-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Responding to crises requires the ability to meet the unforeseen and adapt to new conditions. The transboundary nature of crises with e.g. increased interconnectedness among critical infrastructures, involving more actors in response, will call for collective coordination. Collective improvisation can be a tool for handling challenges under these circumstances, however the research is limited and dispersed over disciplines. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore the capability to improvise collectively in crisis management, and how it affects performance. To achieve this, we conducted a structured scoping study of improvisation in scientific literature and found that existing research is not sufficiently explained or detailed to fulfill our purpose. Our findings show that individual improvisation seems to be aggregated to a collective level without modifications, and existing methods lack in precision and transparency. Further, there is a need for a more nuanced discussion on improvisation and performance. Implications are that studies on collective improvisation risk measuring individual rather than collective improvisation, if based on existing literature. Moreover, the concept of improvisation is connected to mostly positive outcomes and assumed to have the same meaning for everyone. As a result, one should be careful when using the concept in practice, e.g. when using it as a causal explanation for successful performance, or when suggesting measures aimed at improving the capability to improvise collectively. To move forward, we suggest adopting collective problem solving as a broader analytical frame. Finally, we highlight some theories serving as a starting point for this investigation.
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