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- Chatzigiannakou, Maria Angeliki, et al.
(författare)
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Offshore deployments of wave energy converters by Uppsala University, Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Marine Systems and Ocean Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1679-396X .- 2199-4749. ; 14:2-3, s. 67-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ocean can provide an inexhaustible amount of energy. Many marine energy converters have been developed but most of them have not surpassed the experimental phase due to the high costs in installation, operation, and maintenance. Since 2002 Uppsala University has developed and deployed several units of wave energy converters of various designs. The Uppsala University wave energy converter concept consists of a linear generator directly connected to a point absorber buoy that is mounted on a concrete gravity foundation. Uppsala University deployments have been carried out using different deployment vessels and methods. Three main methods were utilized for these deployments that are discussed in terms of cost, manpower, and time efficiency. Depending on the desired outcome—multiple- or single-device deployment, low budget, etc.—one of the proposed methods can be used for the optimal outcome.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Chatzigiannakou, Maria Angeliki
(författare)
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Offshore deployments of marine energy converters
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The depletion warning of non-renewable resources, such as gas, coal and oil, and the imminent effects of climate change turned the attention to clean and fossil fuel-free generated electricity. University research groups worldwide are studying solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ocean energy harvesting. The focus of this thesis is the wave and marine current energy researched at the division of Electricity at Uppsala University (UU). The main drawbacks that hinder the commercialization of marine energy converter devices is a high installation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning cost. Furthermore, these processes are highly weather dependent and thus, can be time consuming beyond planning. In this thesis, an evaluation of the cost, time and safety efficiency of the devices’ offshore deployment (both wave and marine current), and a comparative evaluation regarding the safety in the use of divers and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are conducted. Moreover, a risk analysis study for a common deployment barge while installing an UU wave energy converter (WEC) is presented with the aim to investigate the failure of the crane hoisting system.The UU wave energy project have been initiated in 2001, and since then 14 WECs of various designs have been developed and deployed offshore, at the Lysekil research site (LRS), on the Swedish west coast and in Åland, Finland. The UU device is a point absorber with a linear generator power take off. It is secured on the seabed by a concrete gravity foundation. The absorbed wave energy is transmitted to shore through the marine substation (MS) where all the generators are interconnected. In 2008 an UU spin-off company, Seabased AB (SAB), was established and so far has developed and installed several WECs and two MSs, after the UU devices main principle. SAB deployments were conducted in Sotenäs, Sweden, at the Maren test site (MTS) in Norway; and in Ada Foah, Ghana. The active participation and the thorough study of the above deployments led to a cost, time and safety evaluation of the methods followed. Four main methods were identified and the most suitable one can be chosen depending on the deployment type, for example, for single or mass device deployment.The first UU full scale marine current energy converter (MCEC) was constructed in 2007 at the Ångström Laboratory and deployed at Söderfors, in the river Dalälven in March 2013. The UU turbine is of a vertical axis type and is connected to a directly driven permanent magnet synchronous generator of a low-speed. With this deployment as an example, four MCEC installation methods were proposed and evaluated in terms of cost and time efficiency.A comparative study on the use of divers and ROVs for the deployment and maintenance of WECs at the LRS has been carried out, showing the potential time and costs saved when using ROVs instead of divers in underwater operations. The main restrictions when using divers and ROVs were presented. Most importantly, the modelling introduced is generalized for most types of wave energy technologies, since it does not depend on the structure size or type.Finally, a table of safe launch operation of a WEC is presented. In this table the safe, restrictive and prohibitive sea states are found for a single WEC deployment, using a barge and a crane placed on it. The table can be utilized as a guidance for offshore operations safety and can be extended for a variety of device types and vessels.
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| 4. |
- Parwal, Arvind, et al.
(författare)
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Grid integration and a power quality assessment of a wave-energy park
- 2019
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Ingår i: IET Smart Grid. - UK : Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). - 2515-2947. ; 2:4, s. 625-634
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents a step toward the grid connection of a wave-energy park through an electric power conversion system (EPCS) developed and installed for the wave-energy harvesting in Lysekil, Sweden. The EPCS comprises a rectifier, a DC bus, and an inverter followed by a harmonic filter (HF). The higher- and lower-order harmonics injected by the inverter in a power quality context are investigated. The lower-order voltage harmonics partially distort the voltage-source inverter output grid current. A phase-locked loop-based (PLL) grid-phase tracking is used to attenuate the lower-order harmonics by reflecting the grid harmonics in the inverter output. An expression for the grid-current harmonics as a function of the grid-voltage harmonics has been derived and implemented. A mathematical model is derived to obtain a transfer function for the PLL, and finally, proportional–integral gains are tuned for stable system operation. An HF for mitigating the higher-order harmonics has been implemented. The total harmonic distortion is evaluated experimentally, and the results fulfil the grid-code requirements at various frequencies and harmonic orders.
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| 5. |
- Parwal, Arvind, et al.
(författare)
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Virtual Synchronous Generator Based Current Synchronous Detection Scheme for a Virtual Inertia Emulation in SmartGrids
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy and Power Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1949-243X .- 1947-3818. ; 11:3, s. 99-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaicwind turbines, and wave power converters, use power converters to connect to the grid which causes a loss in rotational inertia. The attempt to meet the increasing energy demand means that the interest for the integration of renewable energy sources in the existing power system is growing, but such integration poses challenges to the operating stability. Power converters play a major role in the evolution of power system towards SmartGrids, by regulating as virtual synchronous ge-nerators. The concept of virtual synchronous generators requires an energy storage system with power converters to emulate virtual inertia similar to the dynamics of traditional synchronous generators. In this paper, a dynamic droop control for the estimation of fundamental reference sources is imple-mented in the control loop of the converter, including active and reactive power components acting as a mechanical input to the virtual synchronous generator and the virtual excitation controller. An inertia coefficient and a droop coefficient are implemented in the control loop. The proposed con-troller uses a current synchronous detection scheme to emulate a virtual iner-tia from the virtual synchronous generators. In this study, a wave energy converter as the power source is used and a power management of virtual synchronous generators to control the frequency deviation and the terminal voltage is implemented. The dynamic control scheme based on a current synchronous detection scheme is presented in detail with a power manage-ment control. Finally, we carried out numerical simulations and verified the scheme through the experimental results in a microgrid structure.
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