| 1. |
- Gramming, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between changes in voice pitch and loudness
- 1988
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 2:2, s. 118-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary Changes in mean fundamental frequency accompanying changes in loudness of phonation are analyzed in 9 professional singers, 9 nonsingers, and 10 male and 10 female patients suffering from vocal functional dysfunction. The subjects read discursive texts with noise in earphones, and some also at voluntarily varied vocal loudness. The healthy subjects phonated as softly and as loudly as possible at various fundamental frequencies throughout their pitch ranges, and the resulting mean phonetograms are compared. Mean pitch was found to increase by about half-semitones per decibel sound level. Grossly, the subject groups gave similar results, although the singers changed voice pitch more than the nonsingers. The voice pitch changes may be explained as passive results of changes of subglottal pressure required for the sound level variation.
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| 2. |
- Nilsonne, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring the rate of change of voice fundamental frequency in fluent speech during mental depression
- 1988
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Ingår i: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0001-4966. ; 83:2, s. 716-728
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method of measuring the rate of change of fundamental frequency has been developed in an effort to find acoustic voice parameters that could be useful in psychiatric research. A minicomputer program was used to extract seven parameters from the fundamental frequency contour of tape‐recorded speech samples: (1) the average rate of change of the fundamental frequency and (2) its standard deviation, (3) the absolute rate of fundamental frequency change, (4) the total reading time, (5) the percent pause time of the total reading time, (6) the mean, and (7) the standard deviation of the fundamental frequency distribution. The method is demonstrated on (a) a material consisting of synthetic speech and (b) voice recordings of depressed patients who were examined during depression and after improvement.
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| 3. |
- Rossing, T D, et al.
(författare)
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Acoustic comparison of soprano solo and choir singing.
- 1987
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 82:3, s. 830-836
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Five soprano singers were recorded while singing similar texts in both choir and solo modes of performance. A comparison of long-term-average spectra of similar passages in both modes indicates that subjects used different tactics to achieve somewhat higher concentrations of energy in the 2- to 4-kHz range when singing in the solo mode. It is likely that this effect resulted, at least in part, from a slight change of the voice source from choir to solo singing. The subjects used slightly more vibrato when singing in the solo mode.
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| 4. |
- Rossing, T D, et al.
(författare)
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Acoustic comparison of voice use in solo and choir singing.
- 1986
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 79:6, s. 1975-1981
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experiment was carried out in which eight bass/baritone singers were recorded while singing in both choral and solo modes. Together with their own voice, they heard the sound of the rest of the choir and a piano accompaniment, respectively. The recordings were analyzed in several ways, including computation of long-time-average spectra for each passage, analysis of the sound levels in the frequency ranges corresponding to the fundamental and the "singer's formant," and a comparison of the sung levels with the levels heard by the singers. Matching pairs of vowels in the two modes were inverse filtered to determine the voice source spectra and formant frequencies for comparison. Differences in both phonation and articulation between the two modes were observed. Subjects generally sang with more power in the singer's formant region in the solo mode and with more power in the fundamental region in the choral mode. Most singers used a reduced frequency distance between the third and fifth formants for increasing the power in the singer's formant range, while the difference in the fundamental was mostly a voice source effect. In a choral singing mode, subjects usually adjusted their voice levels to the levels they heard from the other singers, whereas in a solo singing mode the level sung depended much less on the level of an accompaniment.
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| 5. |
- Sundberg, Johan, 1936-, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term average spectrum analysis of phonatory effects of noise and filtered auditory feedback
- 1988
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 16:2, s. 203-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using long-term average spectrum (LTAS) analysis of fluent speech,the effects of speaking in noise and of speaking with differently filtered auditory feedback as well as of voluntarily changing vocal intensity is analyzed in nine male adult singers and non-singers. Three values in the LTAS are analyzed: the level of the main peak near 500 Hz, of a secondary peak near 2000 Hz and at the average F0. The level at 500 Hz was highly correlated with the equivalent sound level, with the average F0, and with the level of the peak near 2000 Hz. The singers were found to produce a higher sound level than the non-singers under all conditions, and their voices contained stronger high-frequency components. Also, unlike the non-singers they reduced vocal intensity when reading without added noise with enhanced high-frequency components in the auditory feedback. The LTAS effects of noise and of auditory feedback filtering was found to be similar to those of the changes of vocal intensity according to instruction for both singers and non-singers. When the high-frequency components of the auditory feedback was enhanced during reading in noise, both subject groups reduced vocal intensity.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ternström, Sten, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Articulatory Fo perturbations and auditory feedback
- 1988
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Ingår i: Journal of speech and hearing research. - ASHA : American Speech Language Hearing Association. - 0022-4685. ; 31:2, s. 187-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Singers are required to sing with a high degree of precision of fundamental frequency (Fo). Does this mean that they have learned to compensate for the change of pitch that has been described in speech during production of different vowels? Experienced choir singers sang sustained tones with a change of vowel in mid-tone. The fundamental frequency was measured, and the resulting Fo contours were evaluated with respect to Fo effects coincident with the vowel changes. The tasks were performed both with normal auditory feedback and with the auditory feedback masked by noise in headphones. The vowels (i) and (y) were found to be associated with higher Fo than other vowels. The irregularities in the Fo curves were somewhat larger in the absence of auditory feedback. This is consistent with findings during speech production. The instability in Fo, measured as the standard deviation over each tone, was also larger in the absence of feedback.
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| 9. |
- Ternström, Sten, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Formant frequencies of choir singers
- 1989
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Ingår i: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966. ; 86:2, s. 517-522
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The four lowest formant frequencies were measured in eight members of the bass section of a good amateur choir under two conditions: (1) when reading the text of a poem aloud; and (2) when performing the same text as a song. Certain formant frequency differences were observed that were similar to those previously found between professional singers’ spoken and sung vowels. In singing, the intersubject scatter of the three lowest formant frequencies was smaller, and the fourth formant was lower.
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| 10. |
- Ternström, Sten, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Intonation precision of choir singers
- 1988
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 84:1, s. 59-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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