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- Bennesved, Peter, 1986-
(författare)
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Sheltered Society : Civilian Air raid shelters in Sweden — from idea to materiality, 1918-1940 and beyond
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2002, Sweden finally stopped producing air raid shelters for its population after over sixty years of continuous production since 1938. Judging from the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, MSB, the Swedish Air raid shelter registry contain about 65,000 air raid shelters registered as being in use. This figure reflect a huge security infrastructure which, today, is said to provide shelter for around 70% of the Swedish population. By studying the interwar period and the origins of civil defence in Swedish history, this dissertation sets out to explain the origins of the Swedish air raid shelter and provide an explanation of how Sweden eventually became a “Sheltered Society”.In order to achieve this, this dissertation will study the interwar period up until the first year of the Second World War, 1918 to 1940, which can be said to be the formative years for aerial protection politics and air raid shelters. As a theoretical inspiration, the dissertation uses LTS theory, intertwined with a Multi-Level Perspective on technological transitions. Through the close reading of reports and articles, newspapers and archival materials, written by fortification officers, engineers, architects, politicians and journalists during these years, the study shows how the originally military bunkers and air raid shelters were conceptually transferred to civilian use during the interwar years by authors concerned about the technological and strategic developments in aerial warfare.This process was enabled by a careful navigation between militaristic notions of aerial protection and the politically neutral civilian use of air raid shelters. Key factors for the successful implementation was framing the shelters as a simple technical matter through the concept of “Construction-Technical Aerial Protection”, as well as removing all military involvement in building and organizing them, making them seem “civilian” rather than military. This eventually led to the ratification of the Air raid shelter statute of 1940, which could be said to be the origin of the Swedish air raid shelter system. While politicians, engineers and fortification officers launched this image of the air raid shelter, the contemporary press discourse also provided a means of interpreting the10newly introduced shelters as being culturally compatible with Swedish urban modernity, thus making the radical urban change appear less frightening and a natural part of the development of the burgeoning Swedish welfare state.
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| 2. |
- Kong, Xueying, 1993-
(författare)
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Porous Materials and Their Cellulose-Based Composites : Synthesis, Nanoengineering, and Applications
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Porous materials, such as porous carbons (PCs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), show considerable potential across various fields because of their rich microporous and mesoporous structures and large surface areas, yet they grapple with challenges like environmentally unfriendly fabrication methods and poor processability. In this thesis, we investigated environmentally friendly fabrication methods for porous materials, nanoengineering techniques for processing these materials, and their potential applications.Cladophora cellulose (CC), a naturally abundant biopolymer, was used to prepare PC via a one-step physical carbonization/activation method without using any corrosive activation agents. The obtained CC-derived PC (CPC) showed a high specific surface area (507.2 m2 g−1) and rich microporous structure. Additionally, we introduced a simple and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing imine-linked COFs at room temperature using water as the solvent. The method involves a key step in which aldehyde monomers are pre-activated by acetic acid, which promotes the aldehyde monomers to dissolve in water, enhancing their reactivity with amine monomers, and ensuring the formation of crystalline COFs. Consequently, we synthesized 16 distinct imine-linked COFs with high crystallinity and specific surface areas. Furthermore, this thesis focusses on improving the poor processability of these materials caused by the infusible and insoluble nature of their powders. The poor processability of these porous materials makes them difficult to process into desired structures and shapes. Here, we introduce two nanoengineering methods: i) Interweaving porous materials with CC nanofibers (CNFs) to form CNF-porous material aqueous solutions; and ii) Interfacial synthesis of porous materials on the surface of carboxylated CNFs to form CNF@porous materials with nanofiber structures in aqueous solutions. The obtained composite suspensions can be fabricated into freestanding and flexible composite nanopapers via a vacuum filtration and drying process. In addition, they can be processed into freestanding aerogels through a freeze-drying process. Consequently, we have successfully prepared freestanding and flexible CC-CPC nanopapers and CC-CPC aerogels, c-CNT@COF/CNT/CNF nanopapers (c-CNT: carboxylated carbon nanotube), CNF@MOF nanopapers, and CNF@COF nanopapers and demonstrated their potential in various applications, from efficient CO2 capture and organic pollutant removal to advanced energy storage and solar vapor generation. In summary, we used environmentally friendly methods to synthesize PC and imine-linked COFs, circumventing the need for corrosive chemical agents and toxic organic solvents, respectively. Furthermore, by combining CNFs with porous materials, we successfully created freestanding and flexible nanopapers and aerogels, thereby addressing the issue of poor processability associated with porous materials.
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| 3. |
- Rennes, Evelina, 1990-
(författare)
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Automatic Adaptation of Swedish Text for Increased Inclusion
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Imagine what life would be if words did not make any sense to you. If you had to use a dictionary, or Google Translate, to check the meaning of each word. If you forgot the first part of the sentence when you got to the last word. Working would be hard, studying perhaps even more difficult. Reading is a skill essential for participation in many parts of the modern society, but there are many individuals incapable of assimilating text. This could be for various reasons, for instance due to dyslexia, cognitive disabilities, or as a consequence of having a different first language. In order to automate the adaptation process, more knowledge about the properties of Easy Language texts is needed. There are several collections of guidelines aimed at writers of Easy Language texts. Such guidelines are useful for getting an idea of what Easy Language should be, but they are often rather vague and rely on the expert knowledge and intuition of the writer. By analysing texts produced by writers of Easy Language, it is possible to operationalise the guidelines and obtain data for building models for automatic text adaptation. However, this approach requires large corpora of high quality, and the results are highly dependent on the training data.This doctoral thesis adopts an end-user approach to automatic text adaptation. The application of a reading comprehension perspective on Easy Language text adaptation differs from the text-based perspectives commonly used within the field and this position implies that the strengths and weaknesses of individuals in the different groups of poor readers are important to consider. We present and evaluate a variety of techniques for automatic text adaptation, as well as work on text complexity visualisation. Assessment of text complexity can be useful for both readers and writers of Easy Language texts. However, common complexity features are not easily interpretable, and this thesis presents work on enhancing interpretability of such features, using clustering and visualisation methods. The main contributions of this thesis are 1) a mapping of Easy Language guidelines to a theoretical model of reading comprehension, 2) a corpus of simple and standard documents, aligned at the sentence level, 3) clustering and visualisation of text complexity measures, and 4) a number of tools and services for the automatic adaptation of Swedish text.
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| 4. |
- Wahlberg, Emma, 1981-
(författare)
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Molecules and morphology in Empidoidea (Diptera) : Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomical implications
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The classification and evolutionary history of the superfamily Empidoidea (Diptera) have been far from straightforward subjects. Morphology based phylogenies of the superfamily have been unable to answer many questions raised by both systematists and biogeographers, as well as ecologists and ethologists, partly due to morphological modifications and adaptations difficult to interpret. In paper I a phylogeny is presented which was the first published that was based on molecular data with multiple loci and with high support. We sampled several groups never included in molecular analyses before and were able to resolve several relationships and recover several species groups that were previously unplaced. Atelestidae is confirmed as the sister group to remaining families. Hybotidae is sister group to Dolichopodidae, Ragadidae stat. n. and Empididae. Species included in the family Brachystomatidae are found to be nested within Empididae and Brachystomatidae is therefore lowered to subfamily. The erection of Ragadidae to family, sister to Empididae, is based on genetic distances between the present families and subfamilies. Paper II deals with the genus Wiedemannia (Empididae: Clinocerinae), also using molecular data but also put into a spatial and temporal context with molecular dating. The subgenera are found to be non-monophyletic and are therefore suggested to be rejected as accepted names. The dated tree, based on molecular data and known fossil records, suggests an initial diversification 50 million years ago followed by further diversification events that may be linked to changes in sea levels on a global scale. We also provide a Species Distribution Model map suggesting areas of potential hot spots as based on climatic variables. Following the results in paper I, the internal relationships of Ragadidae are revised in paper III. The lack of DNA data, partly caused by few available specimens and the rarity of some species, motivated a morphological approach together with a maximum parsimony analysis to investigate the monophyly of species groups and genera. The flower feeding genera Iteaphila and Anthepiscopus are found to form a distinct monophyletic clade together with Hormopeza. The internal relationships are revised, updated diagnostic characters are provided as well as a determination key to the genera. In paper IV we deal with the taxonomical issue of Chvalaea sopianae and C. rugosiventris, two species in the family Hybotidae. Both species were originally described from single female specimens. However, the sex of C. rugosiventris was mistaken in the original description, and the differential characters of the two species are based on sexual dimorphism. The two species are synonymized and the male of C. rugosiventris redescribed. We also provide additional geographic data on the hybotid species Allanthalia pallida and Leptodromiella crassiseta. The final paper, paper V, presents records of new species to Sweden and new records within Sweden of a large number of species of Hybotidae, Empididae and Ragadidae. We also provide a substantial addition of genetic barcodes of the Swedish fauna, shared publicly in The Barcode of Life Database. This increases the coverage of Swedish taxa in the database with 71% for Empididae and 13% for Hybotidae.
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