| 1. |
- Reifarth, R., et al.
(författare)
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Nuclear astrophysics with radioactive ions at FAIR
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 665:1
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by neutron captures in the s and r processes. However, 32 stable, proton-rich isotopes cannot be formed during those processes, because they are shielded from the s-process flow and r-process beta-decay chains. These nuclei are attributed to the p and rp process. For all those processes, current research in nuclear astrophysics addresses the need for more precise reaction data involving radioactive isotopes. Depending on the particular reaction, direct or inverse kinematics, forward or time-reversed direction are investigated to determine or at least to constrain the desired reaction cross sections. The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will offer unique, unprecedented opportunities to investigate many of the important reactions. The high yield of radioactive isotopes, even far away from the valley of stability, allows the investigation of isotopes involved in processes as exotic as the r or rp processes.
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| 2. |
- An, Siwen, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of Elemental Analysis Techniques for Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration using X-rays and Electron Beams
- 2019
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series. - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the rapid expansion of the waste incineration business both in Europe and globally, there is a growing need for the elemental analysis for fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. In this work, samples of washed and unwashed ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Sundsvall are evaluated. Qualitative analysis and semi-quantitative analysis are used to compare two elemental analysis methods, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurement. Both methods are used to retrieve the difference in elemental composition between washed and unwashed fly ash. SEM-EDS accurately detects light elements from well-prepared samples in a vacuum environment, while, for online measurements, XRF is a potential method that analyses hazardous metal content in the fly ash.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Henrik, Dr, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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PEDOT : PSS thermoelectric generators printed on paper substrates
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-9268. ; 9:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flexible electronics is a field gathering a growing interest among researchers and companies with widely varying applications, such as organic light emitting diodes, transistors as well as many different sensors. If the circuit should be portable or off-grid, the power sources available are batteries, supercapacitors or some type of power generator. Thermoelectric generators produce electrical energy by the diffusion of charge carriers in response to heat flux caused by a temperature gradient between junctions of dissimilar materials. As wearables, flexible electronics and intelligent packaging applications increase, there is a need for low-cost, recyclable and printable power sources. For such applications, printed thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are an interesting power source, which can also be combined with printable energy storage, such as supercapacitors. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate), or PEDOT:PSS, is a conductive polymer that has gathered interest as a thermoelectric material. Plastic substrates are commonly used for printed electronics, but an interesting and emerging alternative is to use paper. In this article, a printed thermoelectric generator consisting of PEDOT:PSS and silver inks was printed on two common types of paper substrates, which could be used to power electronic circuits on paper.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of complex refractive index of SU-8 by Kramers-Kronig dispersion relation method at the wavelength range 2.5 – 22.0 μm
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4073 .- 1879-1352. ; 224, s. 309-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurate determination of the complex refractive index of SU-8 epoxy has significant for the wide variety of applications in optical sensor technology at IR range. The complex refractive index of SU-8 is determined by recording the transmission of light spectra for the wavelength range of 2.5 – 22.0 μm. The data analysis is based on the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relation method. The method has several merits, such as ease of operation, non-contact technique, measurement accuracy, and rapid measurement. The present method is not restricted to the case of SU-8 but it is also proposed to be applicable across a broad range of applications, such as assessment of the optical properties of paints and biomedical samples.
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| 6. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a CO2 sensitive thermopile with an integrated multilayered infrared absorber by using a long path length NDIR platform
- 2018
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Ingår i: I2MTC 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. - : IEEE. - 9781538622223 ; , s. 1-6
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, a mid-infrared-sensitive thermopile detector was evaluated for carbon dioxide gas. The thermopile has an integrated absorber structure that has more than 95% absorption for the wavelength range of 3.3-5.5 μm. For the measurement of carbon dioxide, the detector was initially assembled on a small printed circuit board holder and then installed in a long path length non-dispersive infrared platform. The measurement setup was calibrated by exposing the detector to carbon dioxide of known concentrations (from 50 ppm to 1,300 ppm) and measuring the corresponding voltage response of the detector. The measured voltage values allowed us to calculate the calibration constant for this detector. This was followed by a verification process using a concentration of 500 ppm (which was not used in the calibration) and a known value of 1,300 ppm. The verification results matched with real values, demonstrating that the sensor can be used for highly sensitive and accurate carbon dioxide measurements at concentrations from a few ppm level up to 1,300 ppm. Above this level, additional calibration is needed.
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| 7. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Fabrication and characterization of a SU8-epoxy membrane based thermopile detector with an integrated multilayered absorber structure for the mid-IR region
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 19:11, s. 4000-4007
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of a thermopile detector with an integrated mid-infrared absorber structure. The fabricated absorber structure has shown an absorption of more than 95% in the wavelength range of 3.2 – 5.47 μm. The detector was fabricated with standard cleanroom process techniques and equipment. The serial resistance was measured at about 315 kΩ at room temperature. The photosensitivity of the detector was characterized for a signle wavelength (4.26 µm) and a band of wavelength ranging from 2.5 –5.5 µm through two different measurement setups. In the first measurement setup, the photosensitivity was estimated at 57.5 V·mm2·W-1 through a MEMS-based infrared radiation source and with an optical band-pass filter of wavelength 4.26µm. The following characterization was performed to characterise the photosensitivity of the detector in a broader wavelength range. This measurement was taken using a monochromator setup utilizing a reference photodetector for calculations of the optical power of the infrared source. The photosensitivity and the specific detectivity (D*) of the fabricated detector were measured to values of 30-92 V·W-1 and 8.0×107-2.4×108 cm·Hz1/2·W-1, respectively, in the wavelength range of 2.8 – 5 µm. The time constant was estimated to around 21 ms
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| 8. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, et al.
(författare)
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Fabrication of a mid-Ir sensitive thermopile detector
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of IEEE Sensors. - : IEEE. - 9781479982875
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports on the integration of a multilayered mid-infrared absorber structure into a SU-8 epoxy membrane-based thermopile detector. The absorber structure was designed and simulated using transfer matrix theory. The fabricated absorber structures were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The structure shows an absorption of more than 95% in the wavelength range of 3.30pm–5pm for simulations, and 3.2pm–5.47pm for FTIR measurements. The complete fabrication process of a thermopile detector including the integration of a multilayered absorber structure has been presented. A MEMS based infrared emitter was used to characterize the fabricated detector. The serial resistance was measured to 315 kΩ and the responsivity was calculated to 57.5 Vmm2W−1 at a wavelength of 4.26pm. The time constant for the fabricated detector was estimated to around 21ms.
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| 9. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Surface modification of SU-8 for metal/SU-8 adhesion using RF plasma treatment for application in thermopile detectors
- 2015
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Ingår i: Materials Research Express. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 2053-1591. ; 2:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reports on plasma treatment of SU-8 epoxy in order to enhance adhesive strength for metals. Its samples were fabricated on standard silicon wafers and treated with (O2 & Ar) RF plasma at a power of 25W at a low pressure of (3×10-3 torr) for different time spans (10 sec – 70 sec). The sample surfaces were characterized in terms of contact angle, surface (roughness and chemistry) and using a tape test. During the contact angle measurement, it was observed that the contact angle was reduced from 73° to 5° (almost wet) and 23° for (O2 & Ar) treated samples, respectively. The RMS surface roughness was significantly increased by 21.5% and 37.2% for (O2 & Ar) treatment, respectively. A pattern of metal squares was formed on the samples using photolithography for a tape test. An adhesive tape was applied to the samples and peeled off at 180o. The maximum adhesion results, more than 90%, were achieved for the O2-treated samples, whereas the Ar-treated samples showed no change. The XPS study shows the formation of new species in the O2-treated sample compared to the Ar-treated samples. The high adhesive results were due to the formation of hydrophilic groups and new O2 species in the O2-treated samples, which were absent in Ar-treated samples.
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| 10. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, 1984-
(författare)
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Thermal detector with integrated absorber structure for mid-IR gas detection
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Measurement of the concentration of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide(CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ), in the atmosphere has received significant attention in the last few decades. This work focusses on the development of high-performance thermopile detectors for use with the non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) measurements of such gases. The performance of the thermopile detectors could effectively be increased by selecting membrane materials with a low thermal conductivity value and an efficient infrared (IR) absorbing material and by selecting the materials with high Seebeck coefficient values. Graphite black paint can be used as a radiation absorber, as it has high absorption (80—93%) for a wide spectral range (2.5 μm — 20 μm). By using spray paint or a paint brush, the application of the absorber is simple and fast. However, the control over the processing process suffers with these simple methods. The thermal capacitance of the detector will rapidly increase due to uneven distribution and unknown thickness of the absorber, although the response of the thermopile detector will be maximum due to high absorption; however, the response time (τ th )for the detector will be longer.In order to improve the performance, IR absorbers have been designed to utilise the membrane (SU-8 epoxy) of the detector as an active part of the IR absorber. This utilisation of the SU-8 epoxy membrane will result in a maximum detector sensitivity and a minimum increase in both the thermal capacitance and thermal conductance of the thermopile detector. Absorber structures, based on SU-8 epoxy, with a narrow absorption band at 4.26 µm and a wider multi-layered absorption band at 3-6 µm, were designed, simulated, and fabricated, and their integration into the membrane of thermopile detectors have been presented. The response of the thermopile detector could also be increased by using materials with high Seebeck coefficient [1] values such as semiconductor materials, as they have higher Seebeckvalues compared to the metals. In the thesis, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) flakes were characterised, and Seebeck values were estimated through a measurement setup as a function of temperature difference (ΔT). The fabricated thermopile detectors were characterised, and the response time(τ th ) of a thermocouple with a multi-layered absorber structure has been estimated to be 21 ms. The detector has shown high responsivity value in the wavelength range of 3 µm – 4.5 µm, which is used for CO 2 and CH 4 detection. The thermopile detector was evaluated for CO 2 gas through a long-path-length NDIR platform. The results show that the evaluated thermopile could be used for the measurement of gas concentration down to levels of a few parts per million (ppm) by using the long-path-length NDIR platform.
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