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- Tomicic, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Breast milk cytokine and IgA composition differ in Estonian and Swedish mothers-relationship to microbial pressure and infant allergy
- 2010
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Ingår i: Pediatric Research. - 0031-3998 .- 1530-0447. ; 68:4, s. 330-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immune system of the neonate is influenced by maternal immunity during pregnancy and lactation. An altered microbial exposure, possibly underlying the increase of allergic diseases in affluent societies, may affect maternal breast milk immune composition. Secretory IgA (SIgA), IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2 were analyzed with ELISA in colostrum and 1-mo mature milk from mothers from Estonia (n = 39) and Sweden (n = 60), the two geographically adjacent countries with different living conditions and allergy incidence. The IL-10 and IFN-γ levels were higher in colostrum from Estonian than Swedish mothers, whereas the opposite was true for TGF-β2. In mature milk, higher SIgA and IFN-γ levels but lower TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 levels were observed in Estonian than Swedish mothers. Interestingly, in Sweden but not Estonia, the TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 levels correlated inversely with environmental endotoxin concentrations, whereas positive correlations to microbial load were observed for IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ. High colostral IL-13 levels were associated with allergic sensitization during infancy in Sweden. In conclusion, Estonian mothers have lower breast milk levels of TGF-β, particularly TGF-β2, but higher levels of SIgA, IL-10, and IFN-γ than Swedish mothers, possibly because of differences in microbial load.
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| 2. |
- Tomičić, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Dysregulated Th1 and Th2 responses in food-allergic children : Does elimination diet contribute to the dysregulation?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 21:4, s. 649-655
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infants with eczema and sensitization to foods are recommended skin care and, if food allergy is proven, an elimination diet. Although most of these children tolerate foods before 3 yr of age, some children experience prolonged food allergy. To our knowledge, no prospective study has investigated the cytokine profile in food-sensitized eczematous children with prolonged food intolerance. The aim of the study was to prospectively investigate the development of cytokine production induced by food allergen in food-sensitized eczematous children who, at 41/2 yr of age, were allergic or tolerant to egg or milk. Twenty-one eczematous infants, [age 5 (3-10) months; median and range], sensitized to egg and/or milk were included, put on elimination diet and followed prospectively. At 41/2 yr of age, the children were defined as tolerant or allergic to egg and/or milk based on open or double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from the children on inclusion, after 6 wk of elimination diet, and at 3 and 41/2 yr of age. Ovalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and tetanus toxoid-induced IL-4, -5, -10, -13 and IFN-gamma production from PBMC were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The IFN-gamma and IL-5 secretion induced by food allergen at 41/2 yr was higher in cell cultures from children who were allergic to egg or milk than in tolerant children. In food-allergic children, the levels of IFN-gamma and IL-5 were higher at 41/2 yr compared with inclusion levels, but this increase was generally not observed in the tolerant children who consumed milk and egg. In conclusion, immune cells from food-allergic children on an elimination diet respond with up-regulated T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokine secretion induced by food allergen. We hypothesize that allergen elimination may influence the regulatory mechanisms maintaining balanced immune responses to innocuous food antigens.
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