| 1. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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swepub:Mat__t (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Hepburn, Lucy, et al.
(författare)
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A Spaetzle-like role for nerve growth factor beta in vertebrate immunity to Staphylococcus aureus
- 2014
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 346:6209, s. 641-646
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many key components of innate immunity to infection are shared between Drosophila and humans. However, the fly Toll ligand Spaetzle is not thought to have a vertebrate equivalent. We have found that the structurally related cystine-knot protein, nerve growth factor β (NGFβ), plays an unexpected Spaetzle-like role in immunity to Staphylococcus aureus infection in chordates. Deleterious mutations of either human NGFβ or its high-affinity receptor tropomyosin-related kinase receptor A (TRKA) were associated with severe S. aureus infections. NGFβ was released by macrophages in response to S. aureus exoproteins through activation of the NOD-like receptors NLRP3 and NLRP4 and enhanced phagocytosis and superoxide-dependent killing, stimulated proinflammatory cytokine production, and promoted calcium-dependent neutrophil recruitment. TrkA knockdown in zebrafish increased susceptibility to S. aureus infection, confirming an evolutionarily conserved role for NGFβ-TRKA signaling in pathogen-specific host immunity.
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| 4. |
- Lazaridis, Iosif, et al.
(författare)
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Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 513:7518, s. 409-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We sequenced the genomes of a similar to 7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight similar to 8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes(1-4) with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians(3), who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had similar to 44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.
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| 5. |
- Leijonhufvud, Gustaf, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Results of the EU Project Climate For Culture: Future Climate-induced Risks to Historic Buildings and their Interiors
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU funded Climate for Culture (CfC) Project is finalized to forecast the impact ofclimate change on either indoor or outdoor Cultural Heritage and advise on relatedrisks. CfC has produced high-resolution thematic maps over Europe to highlight theexpected changes and related risks for a number of key materials, building types,deterioration mechanisms for the near and far future based on two emissionscenarios as developed by IPCC. The procedure to obtain a thematic map is asfollows: to simulate outdoor climate change; to pass from outdoor to indoor climatechange through building simulation and case studies measurements; to use damagefunctions and literature results to evaluate potential risk for buildings and objects; tomap the above results for advice and stakeholders use. This methodology hasproduced 55,650 thematic maps of future climate induced risks to historic buildingsand collections in their interiors. The results can be used for climate change impactassessments and for planning adaption and mitigation measures in view ofpreventive conservation or other applications, e.g. human health, energyconsumption, cultural tourism. This paper presents some of the main projectoutcomes.
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| 6. |
- Hutten, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi of Yosemite National Park, California
- 2013
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Ingår i: North American Fungi. - : Pacific Northwest Fungi Project. - 1937-786X. ; 8:11, s. 1-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compiled literature, intensively studied 15 sites as a group, and collected opportunistically in other areas of the Yosemite National Park. We report a total of 562 species of lichenized fungi from the Park, adding 461 species to the total of 101 species reported for the Park by the National Park Service database. An additional 22 lichenicolous fungi are reported here. Two nonlichenized fungi associated with young living twigs of particular host species are also included. An additional 75 species that are known from nearby areas in the Sierra Nevada, but not yet from Yosemite, are listed. Fourteen species are apparently newly reported for the Sierra Nevada, with an additional 17 species new to California, and five species new to North America (Gyalidea fritzei, Pyrenopsis reducta, Lecanora pseudosarcopidoides, L. sarcopidoides, L. subravida). Two taxonomic changes are included here: Verrucaria carbonusta Breuss is newly described, and Lecidea fuscoatrina Hertel & Leuckert is synonymized under the earlier but neglected name, L. cascadensis H. Magn.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Oskar, et al.
(författare)
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Role of the penetration-resistance genes PEN1, PEN2 and PEN3 in the hypersensitive response and race-specific resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana
- 2014
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Ingår i: Plant Journal. - : Wiley. - 0960-7412. ; 79:3, s. 466-476
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plants are highly capable of recognizing and defending themselves against invading microbes. Adapted plant pathogens secrete effector molecules to suppress the host's immune system. These molecules may be recognized by host-encoded resistance proteins, which then trigger defense in the form of the hypersensitive response (HR) leading to programmed cell death of the host tissue at the infection site. The three proteins PEN1, PEN2 and PEN3 have been found to act as central components in cell wall-based defense against the non-adapted powdery mildew Blumeria graminis fsp. hordei (Bgh). We found that loss of function mutations in any of the three PEN genes cause decreased hypersensitive cell death triggered by recognition of effectors from oomycete and bacterial pathogens in Arabidopsis. There were considerable additive effects of the mutations. The HR induced by recognition of AvrRpm1 was almost completely abolished in the pen2 pen3 and pen1 pen3 double mutants and the loss of cell death could be linked to indole glucosinolate breakdown products. However, the loss of the HR in pen double mutants did not affect the plants' ability to restrict bacterial growth, whereas resistance to avirulent isolates of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis was strongly compromised. In contrast, the double and triple mutants demonstrated varying degrees of run-away cell death in response to Bgh. Taken together, our results indicate that the three genes PEN1, PEN2 and PEN3 extend in functionality beyond their previously recognized functions in cell wall-based defense against non-host pathogens.
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| 8. |
- Kirkhus, Bente, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of similar intakes of marine n-3 fatty acids from enriched food products and fish oil on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy human subjects
- 2012
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Ingår i: British Journal of Nutrition. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 107:9, s. 1339-1349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is convincing evidence that consumption of fish and fish oil rich in long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA), EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) reduce the risk of CHD. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether n-3 LCPUFA-enriched food products provide similar beneficial effects as fish oil with regard to incorporation into plasma lipids and effects on cardiovascular risk markers. A parallel 7-week intervention trial was performed where 159 healthy men and women were randomised to consume either 34 g fish pate (n 44), 500 ml fruit juice (n 38) or three capsules of concentrated fish oil (n 40), all contributing to a daily intake of approximately 1 g EPA and DHA. A fourth group did not receive any supplementation or food product and served as controls (n 37). Plasma fatty acid composition, serum lipids, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were measured. Compared with the control group, plasma n-3 LCPUFA and EPA: arachidonic acid ratio increased equally in all intervention groups. However, no significant changes in blood lipids and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were observed. In conclusion, enriched fish pate and fruit juice represent suitable delivery systems for n-3 LCPUFA. However, although the dose given is known to reduce the risk of CVD, no significant changes were observed on cardiovascular risk markers in this healthy population.
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| 9. |
- Li, B., et al.
(författare)
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Advanced continuous phase modulation for high mobility communications
- 2014
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Ingår i: Chinese Science Bulletin. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1001-6538 .- 1861-9541. ; 59:35, s. 4999-5010
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on the design of continuous phase-modulated systems and simplified receiver for high-mobility wireless communications. A class of spectrally efficient coded modulation systems is proposed and analyzed in terms of Euclidean distance and spectral efficiency. Moreover, the simplified detector based on mismatched receiver is designed to reduce the detection complexity exponentially for partial response systems. To deal with the fast time-varying channels without channel state information, a class of noncoherent detection algorithms for continuous phase modulation systems is developed to offer near-coherent performance. The proposed system is assessed over both the additive white Gaussian noise and fast-fading channels. Numerical and simulated results show that the proposed system offers not only high spectral efficiency but also near-optimum performance over fast time-varying scenarios.
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| 10. |
- Li, B., et al.
(författare)
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The Euclidean Distance Spectra of FDMA-CPM: Algorithms and Applications
- 2014
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Ingår i: Chinese Journal of Electronics. - 2075-5597 .- 1022-4653. ; 23:4, s. 821-826
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The performance of multiuser Continuous phase modulation(CPM) over the additive white Gaussian noise channel with coherent maximum likelihood detection is considered. Algorithms are developed to calculate the Euclidean distance spectra employing tree-search and A-star algorithm. The complexity of proposed algorithms are further reduced using trellis minimization. The distance spectrum is then used to evaluate the performance of multiuser CPM systems, which reveals that the performance of multiuser CPM can be significantly improved by using optimized parameters. Both equally-powered and non-equally powered systems are considered. Numerical and simulated results confirm that the proposed algorithms can generate the distance spectra of all systems with lower complexity relative to previous methods and are particularly suited for multi user CPM systems.
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