| 1. |
- Dutta, Nikita, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Combinatory analysis of immune cell subsets and tumor-specific genetic variants predict clinical response to PD-1 blockade in patients with non-small cell lung cancer
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Oncology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2234-943X. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immunotherapy by blocking programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) or programmed death protein-ligand1 (PD-L1) with antibodies (PD-1 blockade) has revolutionized treatment options for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the benefit of immunotherapy is limited to a subset of patients. This study aimed to investigate the value of combining immune and genetic variables analyzed within 3-4 weeks after the start of PD-1 blockade therapy to predict long-term clinical response.Blood collected from patients with NSCLC were analyzed for changes in the frequency and concentration of immune cells using a clinical flow cytometry assay. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on DNA extracted from archival tumor biopsies of the same patients. Patients were categorized as clinical responders or non-responders based on the 9 months' assessment after the start of therapy.We report a significant increase in the post-treatment frequency of activated effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells compared with pre-treatment levels in the blood. Baseline frequencies of B cells but not NK cells, T cells, or regulatory T cells were associated with the clinical response to PD-1 blockade. NGS of tumor tissues identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations in tumor protein P53, Kirsten rat sarcoma virus, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1, and serine/threonine kinase 11, primarily in the responder group. Finally, multivariate analysis of combined immune and genetic factors but neither alone, could discriminate between responders and non-responders.Combined analyses of select immune cell subsets and genetic mutations could predict early clinical responses to immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC and after validation, can guide clinical precision medicine efforts.
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| 2. |
- Engström, Alexander
(författare)
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Everyday life, crime, and fear of crime among adolescents and young adults
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Drawing on lifestyle-routine activity theory, this dissertation explores associations between everyday life, crime, and fear of crime among adolescents and young adults. It also examines the operationalisation of the concepts of lifestyle and routine activities, and explores the use of experience methods, via a smartphone application named STUNDA, to collect data about everyday life. Of the four studies conducted, Study I shows that different specific lifestyle measures are of varying relevance for victims, offenders, and victim-offenders, which indicates that no single universal lifestyle feature is of relevance for all outcomes studied. The findings from Study II reveal that spending time with friends in the city-centre is associated with lower levels of fear of crime across months, days, and moments. However, other associations between everyday life variables and fear of crime are inconsistent across these reference periods. Study III, a systematic review of the literature, shows that measures of lifestyle and routine activities differ in the frequency with which they are used in studies on interpersonal victimisation and offending. Illegal activities are often used as lifestyle/routine activity measures in studies on victimisation while unstructured and peer-oriented activities dominate in studies on offending. However, the measures used in the included studies are diverse, which indicates that researchers use a wide range of activities that are intended to measure lifestyle/routine activities. The final paper, Study IV, explores fear of crime in relation to moments of everyday life and finds that specific features of settings, such as being in semi-public and public spaces and on public transport, increase the odds for experiencing fear of crime.The overall conclusions of the studies point to methodological and theoretical directions for future research. First, research in the field of lifestyle-routine activity theory needs to consider specific and potentially different activities when examining victimisation, offending, and the overlap between these two outcomes. Further, fear of crime research must consider different reference periods, such as months, days and moments, since fear may not only be defined as a more stable trait-like phenomenon but also as a momentary and transitory experience in everyday life. The types of measures used to represent everyday life also require consideration, particularly in terms of the inclusion of lifestyle/routine activity measures that are actually related to criminogenic exposure. For theory more specifically, the implications of the findings point to an overall confirmation of the view that exposure to various environmental circumstances is associated with crime and fear of crime. However, across all of the studies conducted, the findings point to potential weaknesses of the theory. In particular, the lack of an elaborated perspective on individual traits and characteristics limits the explanatory scope of lifestyle-routine activity theory. For instance, people with similar lifestyles still vary in terms of their victimisation, offending, and fear of crime, which necessitates the inclusion of additional individual-level factors that could explain these variations. Future research must thus either modify lifestyle-routine activity theory or open up for other theoretical perspectives that provide a more holistic approach to understanding the role of both environ-mental and individual factors when studying everyday life, crime, and fear of crime.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Chrysoulakis, Alberto P., et al.
(författare)
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From structural time use to situational rule-breaking : Analysing adolescents’ time use and the person-setting interaction
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Journal of Criminology. - : Sage Publications. - 1477-3708 .- 1741-2609. ; 20:6, s. 1804-1828
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While unsupervised and unstructured socialising with peers is associated with delinquency, less is known about to what extent it fits within adolescents’ daily routine activities; that is, their general, structural time use. Furthermore, research informed by the situational action theory shows that unstructured socialising increases the probability of rule-breaking acts more for individuals with higher crime propensity. Hence, structural time use might explain patterns of unstructured socialising, and crime propensity might explain why some are at an increased risk of committing rule-breaking acts during such situations. The present study aims to connect these three aspects and examine: (i) how adolescents tend to structure their time use, (ii) if their structural time use differentially places them in unstructured socialising, and (iii) whether some adolescents during unstructured socialising run an elevated risk of committing rule-breaking acts due to their morality (as part of their crime propensity) while also taking their structural time use into account. Using a sample of 512 adolescents (age 16) in Sweden, time use and morality are analysed using latent class analysis based on space-time budget data and a self-report questionnaire. Multilevel linear probability models are utilised to examine how rule-breaking acts result from an interaction between an individual’s morality and unstructured socialising, also taking structural time use into account. Results show that the likelihood of unstructured socialising in private but not in public is different across identified latent classes. Adolescents, in general, run an elevated risk of rule-breaking acts during unstructured socialising, irrespective of structural time use. In this study, these acts consist mainly of alcohol consumption. However, the risk is higher for adolescents with lower morality. Adolescents’ time use may account for a general pattern of delinquency, but accounting for rule-breaking acts requires knowledge of the interaction between person and setting.
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| 5. |
- Chrysoulakis, Alberto P., 1987-
(författare)
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Situational sources of rule-breaking acts : an analytic criminology approach
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Criminology has long been divided by mainly focusing on people’s propensities to commit crimes, on the one hand, and environmental characteristics conducive to crime, on the other. Such a division must be bridged to advance knowledge about why some people, but not others, commit rule-breaking acts in some environments but not in others. Furthermore, explanations require causal mechanisms explaining how the outcome, a rule-breaking act, is produced. Analytic Criminology offers a general framework for how to theoretically and empirically structure the study of crime. It does so by connecting macro- and micro-levels – structuring the convergence of certain people in certain places – through a mechanistic account. Within this framework, the situational action theory (SAT) proposes a causal mechanism explaining how said convergence triggers the perception-choice process: a rule-breaking act must first be perceived to be subsequently chosen. The main drivers during this process are the person’s crime propensity and the criminogeneity of the behaviour setting. Identifying the central components also enables the theorising of changes in crime involvement, which is the subject of the developmental ecological action (DEA) model of SAT. Drawing on data from the longitudinal project Malmö Individual and Neighbourhood Development Study, this thesis aimed to test SAT and its DEA model, thus bridging said division. It did so through four studies with specific reference to adolescents’ crime propensity, exposure to criminogenic settings, their convergence, and finally, change over time. Study I and study II investigated adolescents’ time use and connections to rule-breaking. The former examined how adolescents spend time in unsupervised and unstructured socialising with peers, during which hours of the day, in which neighbourhoods, and what level of collective efficacy the neighbourhoods have. Study II focused on adolescents’ routine activities and how they differentially place adolescents in unstructured socialising. Furthermore, it tested whether adolescents with higher crime propensity run a higher probability of reporting a rule-breaking act during unstructured socialising irrespective of their routine activities. Study III extended the situational analysis by investigating how adolescents form rule-breaking intentions in randomised scenarios depending on their morality, self-control, and the setting characteristics (varying in level of motivation and deterrence). Study IV applied a developmental perspective to key theoretical constructs derived from the DEA model, focusing on how morality, peer delinquency, and unstructured socialising change, and how the change in each is related to change in the others. Together, the studies found that adolescents with different levels of crime propensity are differently exposed to criminogenic settings but that such exposure simultaneously increases the probability of rule-breaking more for adolescents with higher crime propensity. In sum, the studies have bridged the person–place division in different ways by being rooted in a mechanistic account of rule-breaking, which is proposed as a way forward for criminology as a discipline.
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| 6. |
- Conder, Marsten, et al.
(författare)
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Maximal Symmetry Groups of Hyperbolic three-manifolds
- 2006
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Ingår i: New Zealand Journal of Mathematics. - 1171-6096. ; 35:1, s. 37-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Every nite group acts as the full isometry group of some compact hyperbolic 3-manifold. In this paper we study those nite groups which act maximally, that is when the ratio jIsom+(M)j=vol(M)is maximal among all such manifolds. In two dimensions maximal symmetry groups are called Hurwitz groups, and arise as quotients of the (2,3,7){triangle group. Here we study quotients of the minimal co-volume lattice.
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Olle, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Statistical analysis of curve squeal based on long-term onboard noise measurements
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Curve squeal with large magnitude tonal components in the frequency range up to 10 kHz is a cause of annoyance without any satisfying solution. This might be partly due to the gaps in the current understanding of the phenomenon within the research community (e.g. the open question whether the fundamental excitation mechanism is due to “falling friction” or “modal coupling”). Rail-bound traffic is expected to become a backbone in the future sustainable public transportation system. This makes it urgent to increase the state of knowledge in order to develop effective mitigation measures against the problem.Noise recorded by an onboard monitoring system during one year of traffic on the Stockholm metro is studied. The influence of selected variables on the generation of curve squeal is investigated in a statistical assessment. The influence of curve radius on curve squeal probability is estimated by calculating the quotient of squealing samples with respect to the total number of samples captured in circular curve sections. Vehicle speed (operative conditions) is modelled by the introduction of a classification representing different speed profiles (e.g. constant, linear acceleration or deacceleration, etc.). Environmental conditions are accounted for by using humidity and air temperature as predictor variables.A general trend of increased probability of curve squeal for decreasing curve radius is observed. Several subsequent regression analyses could not find a consistent influence of air temperature and humidity on the occurrence of curve squeal. Moreover, preliminary results indicate the existence of a vehicle speed for which a curve is particularly prone to generate squeal noise.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Olle, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Survey of Curve Squeal Occurrence for an Entire Metro System
- 2024
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Ingår i: Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. - : Springer. - 9789819978519 - 9789819978526 ; , s. 483-490
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current work presents a statistical analysis based on data collected during approximately 1.5 years of regular operation by two vehicles equipped with an on-board noise monitoring system on the Stockholm metro. Data covers 379,776 passages through 143 curves with radii up to 1000 m. Binary logistic regression is used to investigate the importance of curve radius, vehicle speed, relative humidity, air temperature, rail grinding and vehicle individual on curve squeal. Curve squeal occurrence shows an inverse proportionality with respect to curve radius. This trend is particularly pronounced for curve radii below 600 m. The two vehicles accounted for in the study show differences in propensity to generate squeal. The influence of temperature and relative humidity, and their interaction, on curve squeal is described by an estimated response surface. Results show the occurrence of curve squeal to increase after rail grinding. No strong relationship between curve squeal occurrence and vehicle speed is identified.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Fransson, Agneta, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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CO2-system development in young sea ice and CO2 gas exchange at the ice/air interface mediated by brine and frost flowers in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen
- 2015
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Ingår i: Annals of Glaciology. - 0260-3055. ; 56:69, s. 245-257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In March and April 2010, we investigated the development of young landfast sea ice in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. We sampled the vertical column, including sea ice, brine, frost flowers and sea water, to determine the CO2 system, nutrients, salinity and bacterial and ice algae production during a 13 day interval of ice growth. Apart from the changes due to salinity and brine rejection, the sea-ice concentrations of total inorganic carbon (C T), total alkalinity (A T), CO2 and carbonate ions (CO3 2–) in melted ice were influenced by dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitates (25–55 μmol kg–1) and played the largest role in the changes to the CO2 system. The C T values were also influenced by CO2 gas flux, bacterial carbon production and primary production, which had a small impact on the C T. The only exception was the uppermost ice layer. In the top 0.05 m of the ice, there was a CO2 loss of ∼20 μmol kg–1 melted ice (1 mmol m–2) from the ice to the atmosphere. Frost flowers on newly formed sea ice were important in promoting ice–air CO2 gas flux, causing a CO2 loss to the atmosphere of 140–800 μmol kg–1 d–1 melted frost flowers (7–40 mmol m–2 d–1).
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