| 1. |
- Ade, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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The Simons Observatory : science goals and forecasts
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1475-7516. ; :2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Simons Observatory (SO) is a new cosmic microwave background experiment being built on Cerro Toco in Chile, due to begin observations in the early 2020s. We describe the scientific goals of the experiment, motivate the design, and forecast its performance. SO will measure the temperature and polarization anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background in six frequency bands centered at: 27, 39, 93, 145, 225 and 280 GHz. The initial con figuration of SO will have three small-aperture 0.5-m telescopes and one large-aperture 6-m telescope, with a total of 60,000 cryogenic bolometers. Our key science goals are to characterize the primordial perturbations, measure the number of relativistic species and the mass of neutrinos, test for deviations from a cosmological constant, improve our understanding of galaxy evolution, and constrain the duration of reionization. The small aperture telescopes will target the largest angular scales observable from Chile, mapping approximate to 10% of the sky to a white noise level of 2 mu K-arcmin in combined 93 and 145 GHz bands, to measure the primordial tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, at a target level of sigma(r) = 0.003. The large aperture telescope will map approximate to 40% of the sky at arcminute angular resolution to an expected white noise level of 6 mu K-arcmin in combined 93 and 145 GHz bands, overlapping with the majority of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope sky region and partially with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. With up to an order of magnitude lower polarization noise than maps from the Planck satellite, the high-resolution sky maps will constrain cosmological parameters derived from the damping tail, gravitational lensing of the microwave background, the primordial bispectrum, and the thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects, and will aid in delensing the large-angle polarization signal to measure the tensor-to-scalar ratio. The survey will also provide a legacy catalog of 16,000 galaxy clusters and more than 20,000 extragalactic sources.
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| 2. |
- Al Barazi, Zahra, et al.
(författare)
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Challenging the disunity of statelessness in the Middle East and North Africa
- 2017
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Ingår i: Understanding Statelessness. - New York: Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge studies in human rights : Routledge. - 9780367138608 - 9781315200460 ; , s. 104-120
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter explores through an understanding of the history and development of the situation of statelessness across the region – a consequence of nation-state formation, state succession and/or discriminatory ethnic, religious and gender law and policy – the striking commonalities in both the causes and consequences of statelessness. It focuses on how the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region lacks a common language on statelessness which may have contributed to the fact that these groups are often discussed in isolation of one another, with a limited sense of having a shared cause. The chapter also focuses on how the current framework for understating statelessness in the region can obstruct opportunities to address the issue regionally and can even be used to perpetuate statelessness. Discrimination against women in nationality laws can be found in legislation around the world. Statelessness has also resulted from the 'Arabisation' movement that took hold of the region in the 1960s and 1970s.
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| 3. |
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| 5. |
- Tucker, Jason
(författare)
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Statelessness in Central Asia : from Succession to Solutions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Solving Statelessness. - : Wolf Legal Publishers. - 9789462403468 ; , s. 317-344
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many of the protracted situations of statelessness that we face today have arisen due to State succession. In addition, State succession continues to poses a risk with regard to the creation of further large scale cases of statelessness. Therefore, there is a need to better understand how to prevent and resolve statelessness in situations of State succession. This chapter argues that if we are to effectively do so, historic, economic, political and socio-psychological factors must be considered in policy and practice to ensure that legal safeguards to prevent and reduce statelessness are not out of sync with the context within which the law is being applied. To contextualize this discussion, the chapter explores the various underexplored factors which lead to the creation of large stateless populations in Central Asian States following their succession from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. As reflected by the successful efforts of Kyrgyzstan to overcome some of the past disjuncture between the citizenship law, its implementation and the context within which it is being applied, it is claimed that the effectiveness of efforts to prevent and reduce statelessness following State succession, and pre-empt problems in the future, require States to adopt reactive and flexible policies that are sensitive to the various historic, economic, political and socio-psychological factors influencing the population. Such an approach is situated within the international law surrounding the avoidance of statelessness in cases of State succession, notably the requirement that States take all appropriate measure to avoid statelessness.
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| 6. |
- Tucker, Jason
(författare)
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Sweden’s Temporary Asylum Law and the Indefinite Statelessness of Refugees
- 2018
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Ingår i: Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration. - : Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration. ; 2:7, s. 21-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the law and policy related to the identification, assessment, and recording of the statelessness of refugees in the Swedish asylum procedure. It considers the gaps in law and policy that can lead to a stateless refugee remaining in a prolonged, or potentially, indefinite stateless situation and the impacts of the temporary asylum law introduced in 2016. The temporary law can be seen to undermine useful legislation that saw many stateless refugees receiving citizenship after four years. However, the new State discourse introduced full-time employment or completion of education as a requirement to acquire permanent residence, a prerequisite for citizenship. Therefore, these can be seen as new naturalisation criteria for certain migrants, which could mark a shift from Sweden’s previous trend towards increasingly liberal access to citizenship since the 1950s.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Tucker, Jason
(författare)
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The Indefinite Statelessness of Refugees in Denmark and Sweden : Comparing the Impacts of the Temporary Asylum Laws
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper is part of a wider research project which seeks to explore the nexus between statelessness and refugee-ness at global, national and individual level. The relationship between the two legal concepts has not received much attention. This is surprising given that one in ten refugees globally are believed to be stateless. To begin to unpack this relationship, Denmark and Sweden are used as case studies. This article sets out an initial law and policy analysis of the national level frameworks related to identifying statelessness in the Danish and Swedish asylum system, or addressing it following the acceptance of a refugee. This will be discussed in relation to how these contribute to, or address, the situation of indefinite statelessness for stateless refugees. Further to this, the paper seeks to draw out the impacts of the temporary asylum laws in both states with regard to the barriers stateless refugees face in acquiring citizenship. Issues such as cessation of refugee status, the undeportability of some former refugees who are stateless and instances of arbitrary detention are discussed in relation to Denmark and Sweden’s international obligations under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons.
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| 9. |
- Tucker, Jason
(författare)
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Why here? : Factors influencing Palestinian refugees from Syria in choosing Germany or Sweden as asylum destinations
- 2018
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Ingår i: Comparative Migration Studies. - : Springer Open. - 2214-8590 .- 2214-594X. ; 29:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the findings of 33 interviews, carried out in 2017, examining the factors influencing Palestinian refugees from Syria (PRS) in choosing Germany or Sweden as asylum destinations. The findings showed that there was a very high degree of destination specificity towards Sweden for nearly all of the participants. This was based on their desire to reach Sweden due to its accessible citizenship as compared to other European or Arab states. This paper details how most of the refugees had conducted research, drawing on information from social networks and other sources, in order to establish in which European country they could most easily and quickly acquire citizenship. As a consequence of the prioritisation of resolving their and their families’ statelessness as quickly as possible, the interviewees often devalued social and human capital. Considerations related to economic or educational opportunities played only a marginal role in the decision making. This research finds that in order to better understand the migration of stateless refugees, their desire to resolve their statelessness should be considered as a potentially significant aspect of their choice of asylum destination.
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