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- Coutard, B., et al.
(författare)
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The VIZIER project : Preparedness against pathogenic RNA viruses
- 2008
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Ingår i: Antiviral Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-3542 .- 1872-9096. ; 78:1, s. 37-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Life-threatening RNA viruses emerge regularly, and often in an unpredictable manner. Yet, the very few drugs available against known RNA viruses have sometimes required decades of research for development. Can we generate preparedness for outbreaks of the, as yet, unknown viruses? The VIZIER (VIral enZymes InvolvEd in Replication) (http://www.vizier-europe.org/) project has been set-up to develop the scientific foundations for countering this challenge to society. VIZIER studies the most conserved viral enzymes (that of the replication machinery, or replicases) that constitute attractive targets for drug-design. The aim of VIZIER is to determine as many replicase crystal structures as possible from a carefully selected list of viruses in order to comprehensively cover the diversity of the RNA virus universe, and generate critical knowledge that could be efficiently utilized to jump-start research on any emerging RNA virus. VIZIER is a multidisciplinary project involving (i) bioinformatics to define functional domains, (ii) viral genomics to increase the number of characterized viral genomes and prepare defined targets, (iii) proteomics to express, purify, and characterize targets, (iv) structural biology to solve their crystal structures, and (v) pre-lead discovery to propose active scaffolds of antiviral molecules.
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| 2. |
- Foley, R. J., et al.
(författare)
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Spectroscopy of High-Redshift Supernovae from the Essence Project : The First Four Years
- 2009
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 137, s. 3731-3742
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the results of spectroscopic observations from the ESSENCE high-redshift supernova (SN) survey during its first four years of operation. This sample includes spectra of all SNe Ia whose light curves were presented by Miknaitis et al. and used in the cosmological analyses of Davis et al. and Wood-Vasey et al. The sample represents 273 hr of spectroscopic observations with 6.5-10 m class telescopes of objects detected and selected for spectroscopy by the ESSENCE team. We present 184 spectra of 156 objects. Combining this sample with that of Matheson et al., we have a total sample of 329 spectra of 274 objects. From this, we are able to spectroscopically classify 118 Type Ia SNe. As the survey has matured, the efficiency of classifying SNe Ia has remained constant while we have observed both higher-redshift SNe Ia and SNe Ia farther from maximum brightness. Examining the subsample of SNe Ia with host-galaxy redshifts shows that redshifts derived from only the SN Ia spectra are consistent with redshifts found from host-galaxy spectra. Moreover, the phases derived from only the SN Ia spectra are consistent with those derived from light-curve fits. By comparing our spectra to local templates, we find that the rate of objects similar to the overluminous SN 1991T and the underluminous SN 1991bg in our sample are consistent with that of the local sample. We do note, however, that we detect no object spectroscopically or photometrically similar to SN 1991bg. Although systematic effects could reduce the high-redshift rate we expect based on the low-redshift surveys, it is possible that SN 1991bg-like SNe Ia are less prevalent at high redshift.
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| 8. |
- Newby, P K, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term stability of food patterns identified by use of factor analysis among Swedish women
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 136:3, s. 626-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Limited data exist on the reproducibility of food patterns measured by factor analysis as well as on the use of stability of patterns over time. Our primary objective was to explore the long-term stability of food patterns derived by confirmatory factor analysis among 33,840 women participating in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Our secondary objective was to compare factor solutions from confirmatory factor analysis with those derived by use of exploratory factor analysis. Diet was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire in 1987 and 1997, and food patterns were derived by the use of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. We observed four major food patterns (Healthy, Western/Swedish, Alcohol, and Sweets) at both time points. Correlations between confirmed food patterns in 1987 and 1997 were 0.37 for the Healthy pattern, 0.27 for the Western/Swedish pattern, 0.54 for the Alcohol pattern, and 0.44 for the Sweets pattern (P < 0.0001 for all associations). Patterns derived by the use of exploratory factor analysis were strongly associated with those derived by the use of confirmatory factor analysis (r >/= 0.90, P < 0.0001, for all associations). The patterns derived in this study were similar to those derived in other studies, indicating reproducibility of food patterns across populations. Our study suggests that food patterns measured by the use of confirmatory factor analysis are reproducible over time, and weaker correlations observed may reflect natural changes in eating behavior, the food supply, and/or perceptions of what is considered healthy. Testing whether patterns measured over a long time period can be used in analytic studies is the next step in assessing the validity of this method.
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| 9. |
- Newby, P K, et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal changes in food patterns predict changes in weight and body mass index and the effects are greatest in obese women
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 136:10, s. 2580-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prevalence of obesity is increasing in most parts of the world. The objective of this study was to examine whether changes in food patterns were associated with changes in BMI among women over 9 y. Data were from 33,840 women participating in the Swedish Mammography Cohort in 1987 and 1997. Diet was assessed with a FFQ at both time points and 4 food patterns were derived using confirmatory factor analysis (Healthy, Western/Swedish, Alcohol, and Sweets). Our exposure variables were defined as change in factor score for each food pattern from 1987 to 1997. Our outcome variable was defined as change in BMI during the same period, and we also examined change in weight. Normal weight and overweight women had positive changes in weight and BMI during follow-up, whereas obese women had negative changes in BMI and weight; we observed a significant interaction between change in food patterns and baseline BMI. Obese subjects who increased their factor score for the Healthy pattern had larger decreases in BMI (beta = -0.18 kg/m(2) for a 1 unit increase in SD score, CI: -0.26 to -0.10; P < 0.0001), whereas normal weight and overweight women who increased their Healthy pattern score had smaller increases in BMI (-0.05 kg/m(2) and -0.11 kg/m(2), respectively; P < 0.05 for both). Obese women who increased their Healthy pattern score >3 SD had almost a 4 kg decrease in weight and a 1 unit decrease in BMI at follow-up. In conclusion, changes in eating patterns were significantly related to changes in BMI over 9 y and the effect was modified by baseline BMI. Pattern analysis is helpful in generating hypotheses regarding the role of diet in obesity, and additional research is needed to understand which elements of our patterns are protective or risk factors for weight gain.
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| 10. |
- Newby, P K, et al.
(författare)
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Risk of overweight and obesity among semivegetarian, lactovegetarian, and vegan women
- 2005
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 81:6, s. 1267-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Observational studies suggest that a plant-based diet is inversely related to body mass index (BMI), overweight, and obesity.OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the BMI (kg/m(2)) and risk of overweight and obesity of self-defined semivegetarian, lactovegetarian, and vegan women.DESIGN: Data analyzed in this cross-sectional study were from 55459 healthy women participating in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Women were asked whether they considered themselves to be omnivores (n = 54257), semivegetarians (n = 960), lactovegetarians (n = 159), or vegans (n = 83), and this question was the main exposure variable in this study. In secondary analyses, we reclassified women as lactovegetarians on the basis of food intakes reported on the food-frequency questionnaire.RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight or obesity (BMI >/= 25) was 40% among omnivores, 29% among both semivegetarians and vegans, and 25% among lactovegetarians. In multivariate, adjusted logistic regression analyses, self-identified vegans had a significantly lower risk of overweight or obesity [odds ratio (OR) = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.69] than did omnivores, as did lactovegetarians (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.85) and semivegetarians (OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.62). Risk of overweight or obesity remained significantly lower among lactovegetarians classified on the basis of the food-frequency questionnaire (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.78).CONCLUSIONS: Even if vegetarians consume some animal products, our results suggest that self-identified semivegetarian, lactovegetarian, and vegan women have a lower risk of overweight and obesity than do omnivorous women. The advice to consume more plant foods and less animal products may help individuals control their weight.
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