| 1. |
- Borges, João Batista, et al.
(författare)
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Regional Lung Perfusion estimated by Electrical Impedance Tomography in a piglet model of lung collapse
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 112:1, s. 225-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The assessment of the regional match between alveolar ventilation and perfusion in critically ill patients requires simultaneous measurements of both parameters. Ideally, assessment of lung perfusion should be performed in real-time with an imaging technology which provides, through fast acquisition of sequential images, information about the regional dynamics or regional kinetics of an appropriate tracer. We present a novel electrical impedance tomography (EIT) based method that quantitatively estimates regional lung perfusion based on first-pass kinetics of a bolus of hypertonic saline contrast. Pulmonary blood flow was measured in six piglets during control and unilateral or bilateral lung collapse conditions. The first-pass kinetics method showed good agreement with the estimates obtained by single-photon-emission computerized tomography (SPECT). The mean difference (SPECT minus EIT) between fractional blood flow to lung areas suffering atelectasis was -0.6 %, with a standard deviation of 2.9 %. This method outperformed the estimates of lung perfusion based on impedance-pulsatility. In conclusion, we describe a novel method based on Electrical Impedance Tomography for estimating regional lung perfusion at the bedside. In both, healthy and injured lung conditions, the distribution of pulmonary blood flow as assessed by EIT agreed well with the one obtained by SPECT. The method proposed in this paper has the potential to contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of regional perfusion under different lung and therapeutic conditions.
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| 2. |
- Solà, Josep, et al.
(författare)
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Non-invasive monitoring of central blood pressure by electrical impedance tomography : first experimental evidence
- 2011
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Ingår i: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0140-0118 .- 1741-0444. ; 49:4, s. 409-415
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a strong clinical demand for devices allowing continuous non-invasive monitoring of central blood pressure (BP). In the state of the art a new family of techniques providing BP surrogates based on the measurement of the so-called pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been proposed, eliminating the need for inflation cuffs. PWV is defined as the velocity at which pressure pulses propagate along the arterial wall. However, no technique to assess PWV within central arteries in a fully unsupervised manner has been proposed so far. In this pilot study, we provide first experimental evidence that electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is capable of measuring pressure pulses directly within the descending aorta. To obtain a wide range of BP values, we administrated noradrenalin and nitroglycerine to an anesthetized pig under mechanical ventilation. An arterial line was inserted into the ascending aorta for measuring reference BP. EIT images were generated from 32 impedance electrodes placed around the chest at the level of the axilla. Regions of Interest (ROI) such as the descending aorta and the lungs were automatically identified by a novel time-based processing algorithm as the respective EIT pixels representing these structures. The correct positions of these ROIs were confirmed by bolus injections of highly conductive concentrated saline into the right heart and into the ascending aorta. Aortic pulse transit time (PTT) values were determined as the delay between the opening of the aortic valve (obtained from arterial line) and the arrival of pressure pulses at the aortic ROI within the EIT plane. For 11 experimental conditions, with mean BP ranging from 73 to 141 mmHg, strongly significant correlation (r = -0.97, P < 0.00001) between central BP and aortic PTT was observed, suggesting that EIT-derived aortic PTT is a potential non-invasive surrogate of central BP.
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| 3. |
- Suarez-Sipmann, Fernando, et al.
(författare)
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Corrections of Enghoffs dead space formula for shunt effects still overestimate Bohr's dead space
- 2013
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Ingår i: Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1569-9048 .- 1878-1519. ; 189:1, s. 99-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dead space ratio is determined using Enghoffs modification (VDB-E/V-T) of Bohr's formula (V-DBohr/V-T) in which arterial is used as a surrogate of alveolar PCO2. In presence of intrapulmonary shunt Enghoffs approach overestimates dead space. In 40 lung-lavaged pigs we evaluated the Kuwabara's and Niklason's algorithms to correct for shunt effects and hypothesized that corrected VDB-E/V-T should provide similar values as V-DBohr/V-T. We analyzed 396 volumetric capnograms and arterial and mixed-venous blood samples to calculate V-DBohr/V-T and VDB-E/V-T. Thereafter, we corrected the latter for shunt effects using Kuwabara's (K) VDB-E/V-T and Niklason's (N) VDB-E/V-T algorithms. Uncorrected VDB-E/V-T (mean +/- SD of 0.70 +/- 0.10) overestimated V-DBohr/V-T (0.59 +/- 0.12) (p < 0.05), over the entire range of shunts. Mean (K) VDB-E/V-T was significantly higher than V-DBor/V-T (0.67 +/- 0.08, bias 0.085, limits of agreement 0.232 to 0.085; p< 0.05) whereas (N)VDB-E/V-T showed a better correction for shunt effects (0.64 +/- 0.09, bias 0.048, limits of agreement -0.168 to 0.072; p < 0.05). Neither Kuwabara's nor Niklason's algorithms were able to correct EnghofFs dead space formula for shunt effects.
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| 4. |
- Suarez-Sipmann, Fernando, et al.
(författare)
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Volumetric capnography : the time has come
- 2014
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Critical Care. - 1070-5295 .- 1531-7072. ; 20:3, s. 333-339
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose of review This review article summarizes the recent advances in electrical impedance tomography (EIT) related to cardiopulmonary imaging and monitoring on the background of the 30-year development of this technology. Recent findings EIT is expected to become a bedside tool for monitoring and guiding ventilator therapy. In this context, several studies applied EIT to determine spatial ventilation distribution during different ventilation modes and settings. EIT was increasingly combined with other signals, such as airway pressure, enabling the assessment of regional respiratory system mechanics. EIT was for the first time used prospectively to define ventilator settings in an experimental and a clinical study. Increased neonatal and paediatric use of EIT was noted. Only few studies focused on cardiac function and lung perfusion. Advanced radiological imaging techniques were applied to assess EIT performance in detecting regional lung ventilation. New approaches to improve the quality of thoracic EIT images were proposed. EIT is not routinely used in a clinical setting, but the interest in EIT is evident. The major task for EIT research is to provide the clinicians with guidelines how to conduct, analyse and interpret EIT examinations and combine them with other medical techniques so as to meaningfully impact the clinical decision-making.
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| 5. |
- Tusman, Gerardo, et al.
(författare)
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Bohr Dead Space Calculation In Response
- 2012
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Ingår i: Anesthesia and Analgesia. - 0003-2999 .- 1526-7598. ; 115:6, s. 1472-1473
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Tusman, Gerardo, et al.
(författare)
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Lung recruitment and positive end-expiratory pressure have different effects on CO2 elimination in healthy and sick lungs
- 2010
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Ingår i: Anesthesia and Analgesia. - 0003-2999 .- 1526-7598. ; 111:4, s. 968-977
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: We studied the effects that the lung recruitment maneuver (RM) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) have on the elimination of CO(2) per breath (Vtco(2,br)). METHODS: In 7 healthy and 7 lung-lavaged pigs at constant ventilation, PEEP was increased from 0 to 18 cm H(2)O and then decreased to 0 in steps of 6 cm H(2)O every 10 minutes. Cycling RMs with plateau pressure/PEEP of 40/20 (healthy) and 50/25 (lavaged) cm H(2)O were applied for 2 minutes between 18-PEEP steps. Volumetric capnography, respiratory mechanics, blood gas, and hemodynamic data were recorded. RESULTS: In healthy lungs before the RM, Vtco(2,br) was inversely proportional to PEEP decreasing from 4.0 (3.6-4.4) mL (median and interquartile range) at 0-PEEP to 3.1 (2.8-3.4) mL at 18-PEEP (P < 0.05). After the RM, Vtco(2,br) increased from 3.3 (3-3.6) mL at 18-PEEP to 4.0 (3.5-4.5) mL at 0-PEEP (P < 0.05). In lavaged lungs before the RM, Vtco(2,br) increased initially from 2.0 (1.7-2.3) mL at 0-PEEP to 2.6 (2.2-3) mL at 12-PEEP (P < 0.05) but then decreased to 2.4 (2-2.8) mL when PEEP was increased further to 18 cm H(2)O (P < 0.05). After the RM, the highest Vtco(2,br) of 2.9 (2.1-3.7) mL was observed at 12-PEEP and then decreased to 2.5 (1.9-3.1) mL at 0-PEEP (P < 0.05). Vtco(2,br) was directly related to changes in lung perfusion, the area of gas exchange, and alveolar ventilation but inversely related to changes in dead space. CONCLUSIONS: CO(2) elimination by the lungs was dependent on PEEP and recruitment and showed major differences between healthy and lavaged lungs.
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| 7. |
- Tusman, Gerardo, et al.
(författare)
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Noninvasive Monitoring of Lung Recruitment Maneuvers in Morbidly Obese Patients : The Role of Pulse Oximetry and Volumetric Capnography
- 2014
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Ingår i: Anesthesia and Analgesia. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0003-2999 .- 1526-7598. ; 118:1, s. 137-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: We conducted this study to determine whether pulse oximetry and volumetric capnography (VCap) can determine the opening and closing pressures of lungs of anesthetized morbidly obese patients. METHODS: Twenty morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery with capnoperitoneum were studied. A lung recruitment maneuver was performed in pressure control ventilation as follows: (1) During an ascending limb, the lungs' opening pressure was detected. After increasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) from 8 to 16 cm H2O, fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio(2)) was decreased until pulse oximetric arterial saturation (Spo(2)) was <92%. Thereafter, end-inspiratory pressure was increased in steps of 2 cm H2O, from 36 to a maximum of 50 cm H2O. The opening pressure was attained when Spo(2) exceeded 97%. (2) During a subsequent decreasing limb, the lungs' closing pressure was identified. PEEP was decreased from 22 to 10 cm H2O in steps of 2 cm H2O. The closing pressure was determined as the PEEP value at which respiratory compliance decreased from its maximum value. We continuously recorded lung mechanics, Spo(2), and VCap. RESULTS: The lungs' opening pressures were detected at 44 (4) cm H2O (median and interquartile range) and the closing pressure at 14 (2) cm H2O. Therefore, the level of PEEP that kept the lungs without collapse was found to be 16 (3) cm H2O. Using respiratory compliance as a reference, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that Spo(2) (area under the curve [AUC] 0.80 [SE 0.07], sensitivity 0.65, and specificity 0.94), the elimination of CO2 per breath (AUC 0.91 [SE 0.05], sensitivity 0.85, and specificity 0.98), and Bohr's dead space (AUC 0.83 [SE 0.06], sensitivity 0.70, and specificity 0.95] were relatively accurate for detecting lung collapse during the decreasing limb of a recruitment maneuver. CONCLUSIONS: Lung recruitment in morbidly obese patients could be effectively monitored by combining noninvasive pulse oximetry and VCap. Spo(2), the elimination of CO2, and Bohr's dead space detected the individual's opening and closing pressures.
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| 8. |
- Tusman, Gerardo, et al.
(författare)
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Rationale of Dead Space Measurement by Volumetric Capnography
- 2012
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Ingår i: Anesthesia and Analgesia. - 0003-2999 .- 1526-7598. ; 114:4, s. 866-874
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dead space is the portion of a tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange because it does not get in contact with blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. It is commonly calculated using volumetric capnography, the plot of expired carbon dioxide (CO2) versus tidal volume, which is an easy bedside assessment of the inefficiency of a particular ventilatory setting. Today, Bohr's original dead space can be calculated in an entirely noninvasive and breath-by-breath manner as the mean alveolar partial pressure of CO2 (PAco(2)) which can now be determined directly from the capnogram. The value derived from Enghoff's modification of Bohr's formula (using Paco(2) instead of PAco(2)) is a global index of the inefficiency of gas exchange rather than a true "dead space" because it is influenced by all causes of ventilation/perfusion mismatching, from real dead space to shunt. Therefore, the results obtained by Bohr's and Enghoff's formulas have different physiological meanings and clinicians must be conscious of such differences when interpreting patient data. In this article, we describe the rationale of dead space measurements by volumetric capnography and discuss its main clinical implications and the misconceptions surrounding it.
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| 9. |
- Tusman, Gerardo, et al.
(författare)
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Reference values for volumetric capnography-derived non-invasive parameters in healthy individuals
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical monitoring and computing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1387-1307 .- 1573-2614. ; 27:3, s. 281-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to determine typical values for non-invasive volumetric capnography (VCap) parameters for healthy volunteers and anesthetized individuals. VCap was obtained by a capnograph connected to the airway opening. We prospectively studied 33 healthy volunteers 32 +/- A 6 years of age weighing 70 +/- A 13 kg at a height of 171 +/- A 11 cm in the supine position. Data from these volunteers were compared with a cohort of similar healthy anesthetized patients ventilated with the following settings: tidal volume (VT) of 6-8 mL/kg, respiratory rate 10-15 bpm, PEEP of 5-6 cmH(2)O and FiO(2) of 0.5. Volunteers showed better clearance of CO2 compared to anesthetized patients as indicated by (median and interquartile range): (1) an increased elimination of CO2 per mL of VT of 0.028 (0.005) in volunteers versus 0.023 (0.003) in anesthetized patients, p < 0.05; (2) a lower normalized slope of phase III of 0.26 (0.17) in volunteers versus 0.39 (0.38) in anesthetized patients, p < 0.05; and (3) a lower Bohr dead space ratio of 0.23 (0.05) in volunteers versus 0.28 (0.05) in anesthetized patients, p < 0.05. This study presents reference values for non-invasive volumetric capnography-derived parameters in healthy individuals. Mechanical ventilation and anesthesia altered these values significantly.
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| 10. |
- Tusman, Gerardo, et al.
(författare)
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States of low pulmonary blood flow can be detected non-invasively at the bedside measuring alveolar dead space
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical monitoring and computing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1387-1307 .- 1573-2614. ; 26:3, s. 183-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We tested whether the ratio of alveolar dead space to alveolar tidal volume (VDalv/VTalv) can detect states of low pulmonary blood flow (PBF) in a non-invasive way. Fifteen patients undergoing cardiovascular surgeries with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied. CPB is a technique that excludes the lungs from the general circulation. The weaning of CPB is a model that manipulates PBF in vivo because each time blood flow through the CPB decreases, expected PBF (ePBF) increases. Patients were liberated from CPB in steps of 20 % every 2' starting from 100 % CPB (very low ePBF) to 0 % CPB (100 % ePBF). During constant ventilation, volumetric capnograms were recorded and Bohr's dead space ratio (VDBohr/VT), VDalv/VTalv and the ratio of airway dead space to tidal volume (VDaw/VT) were calculated. Before CPB, VDBohr/VT was 0.36 +/- A 0.05, VDaw/VT 0.21 +/- A 0.04 and VDalv/VTalv 0.18 +/- A 0.06 (mean +/- A SD). During weaning from CPB, VDaw/VT remained unchanged while VDBohr/VT and VDalv/VTalv decreased with increasing ePBF. At CPB of 80, 60, 40 and 20 % VDBohr/VT was 0.64 +/- A 0.06, 0.55 +/- A 0.06, 0.47 +/- A 0.05 and 0.40 +/- A 0.04, respectively; < 0.001 and VDalv/VTalv 0.53 +/- A 0.07, 0.40 +/- A 0.07, 0.29 +/- A 0.06 and 0.25 +/- A 0.04, respectively; < 0.001). After CPB, VDBohr/VT and VDalv/VTalv reached values similar to baseline (0.37 +/- A 0.04 and 0.19 +/- A 0.06, respectively). At constant ventilation the alveolar component of VDBohr/VT increased in proportion to the deficit in lung perfusion.
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