| 1. |
- Omarova, Alua, et al.
(författare)
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Protozoan parasites in drinking water : A system approach for improved water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 15:3
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are significant in preventing diarrhea morbidity and mortality caused by protozoa in low- and middle-income countries. Due to the intimate and complex relationships between the different WASH components, it is often necessary to improve not just one but all of these components to have sustainable results. The objective of this paper was to review the current state of WASH-related health problems caused by parasitic protozoa by: giving an overview and classification of protozoa and their effect on people’s health, discussing different ways to improve accessibility to safe drinking water, sanitation services and personal hygiene behavior; and suggesting an institutional approach to ensure improved WASH. The findings indicate that Giardia and Cryptosporidium are more often identified during waterborne or water-washed outbreaks and they are less sensitive than most of the bacteria and viruses to conventional drinking water and wastewater treatment methods. There are various institutions of control and prevention of water-related diseases caused by protozoa in developed countries. Unfortunately, the developing regions do not have comparable systems. Consequently, the institutional and systems approach to WASH is necessary in these countries.
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| 2. |
- Radelyuk, Ivan, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing wastewater processes at oil refinery industry in Kazakhstan
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the first attempt to assess the wastewater treatment processes at the oil refinery sector in Kazakhstan and evaluate to what extent these processes follow international and national regulations regarding industrial waste water treatment. The assessment was performed considering wastewater discharge from refining processes at three factories in the country. While Kazakhstani environmental regulation promote the polluter pay principle and follow WHO guidelines, oil refinery factories in Kazakhstan still exceed the permissible concentration of pollutants in discharged wastewater. The national regulation allows discharge of wastewater to natural or artificial ponds by not exceeding the pollutant concentrations already existing in the pond. Therefore, the factories use ponds with already high concentration of pollutants, consequently allowing discharge of high concentration of pollutants (total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) exceeds concentration by 30-80 times, ammonia (NH4+) by 25 times, total dissolved solids (TDS) by 6 times, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by 6 times and surfactants by 5 times) to pond. The reason for the initial high pond concentration is a result of a time gap between the start of pollution discharge by the factories and start of the environmental regulations. This leads to no incentive to treat wastewater in an efficient way. Additionally, the national law lacks regulations regarding detailed methodology to assess the pollutant substances in the discharged wastewater. Thus, the assessment by environmental authorities for each oil refinery is negotiated separately between the factory and the governmental body, giving the factory a strong position to define the parameters assessing the wastewater. As such, none of the factories provides analyses of, e.g., heavy metal contamination in discharged wastewater. TPH concentration in wastewater is often exceeded at each factory and there is no analysis done for different hydrocarbon fraction. Consequently, it is strongly recommended to provide a unified and transparent methodology for the country ́s oil refinery industry to assess all important pollutants in discharged wastewater and to include all types of hydrocarbon fractions.
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| 3. |
- Zhupankhan, Aibek, et al.
(författare)
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Water in Kazakhstan, a key in Central Asian water management
- 2018
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Ingår i: Hydrological Sciences Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0262-6667 .- 2150-3435. ; 63:5, s. 752-762
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Central Asia is one of the regions with the highest probability of conflicts over water. Kazakhstan is the main Central Asian economic power and therefore it is important to understand how the country’s water management policy is influencing water availability in the other Central Asian states. Already, the Central Asian economies are developing under increasing water deficiency, resulting in developmental problems. The main reasons for this are increasing political tensions and worsening ecological and socio-economic conditions. Kazakhstan was the first country in Central Asia to develop the pre-requisites for a transition towards integrated water resources management (IWRM). Therefore, Kazakhstan has potential to lead the development of transboundary water integration between all Central Asian states. A scenario for successful regional cooperation on water management in Central Asia involves establishing legal mechanisms for water management following international water law, assistance by international agencies and donors, and integrated social, economic and environmental methodology.
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