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- Ulfvengren, Pernilla, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Auditory and visual warnings in aircraft
- 2002
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Ingår i: ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS 2001. - 0962-9505. ; , s. 53-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extreme information overload during an aircraft accident was the origin of the project related. Interviews of pilots point at two major problems with the warning system of today: perceptual problems of too many auditory and visual signals and cognitive problems of understanding the alert messages. Experiments have shown that the existing sounds can be replaced by more associable sounds; soundimagery studies have shown that context related sounds are preferable. Furthermore, warning systems that provide messages on what to do next and show the pilot what is still operational are of greatest support to the pilot in difficult situations.
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- Ulfvengren, Pernilla, 1968-
(författare)
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Design of Natural Warning Sounds in Human-Machine Systems
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The goal of this research is increased safety in aviation. Aviation is a highly automated and complex, as well as, safety critical human-machine system. The pilot communicates with the system via a human-machine interface in cockpit. In an alerting situation this interface is in part an auditory alerting system. Human errors are often consequences of actions brought about by poor design. Pilots complain that they may be both disturbed and annoyed of alerts, which may affect performance, especially in non-normal situations when the mental workload is high. This research is based on theories in ergonomics and cognitive engineering with the assumption that improved human performance within a system increase safety. Cognitive engineering is a design philosophy for reducing the effort required by cognitive functions by changing the technical interface, which may lead to improved performance. Knowledge of human abilities and limitations and multidisciplinary interrelated theories between humans, sounds and warnings are used. Several methods are involved in this research, such as literature studies, field studies, controlled experiments and simulations with pilots. This research defines design requirements for sounds appropriate in auditory alerts as Natural Warning Sounds. For example, they have a natural meaning within the user’s context, are compatible with the auditory information process, are pleasant to listen to (not annoying), are easy to learn and are clearly audible. A design process for auditory alerting systems is suggested. It includes methods of associability and sound imagery, which develop Natural Warning Sounds, and combines these with an appropriate presentation format. Associability is introduced and represents the required effort to associate sounds to their assigned alert function meaning. An associable sound requires less effort and fewer cognitive resources. Soundimagary is used to develop sound images. A sound image is a sound, which by its acoustics characteristics has a particular meaning to someone without prior training in a certain context. Simulations of presentation formats resulted in recommendations for cancellation capabilities and avoiding continuously repeated alerts. This research brings related theories closer to practice and demonstrates general methods that will allow designers, together with the users of the system, to apply them in their own system.
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- Ulfvengren, Pernilla, 1968-
(författare)
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Natural Warning Sounds in Safety Critical Human-Machine Systems : A Cognitive Engineering Approach
- 2000
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Ingår i: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings. ; , s. 742-754
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cognitive engineering is a multidisciplinary field, which must consider tradeoffs in various areas in order to reach a result that as a whole improves system performance without causing negative consequences. The goal of this research is improved ergonomics and safety. The auditory displays in many safety critical human-machine systems today have poor design and there are many tradeoffs that should be considered. The meaning of an alert in its context, loudness level, confusion of signals, nuisance alarms, duration, urgency level and prioritization are only a few parameters that must be addressed. Natural Warning Sounds is a term for sounds that fulfill several requirements of a good design. These requirements are discussed in a thorough literature review (Ulfvengren, 1999) of fundamental principles of perception and information processing of sounds, their characteristics and their effect on performance and situational awareness. A multidisciplinary mix of people is involved in this research, which primarily concerns aviation, including engineers, a psychologist, a linguist, pilots and simulator-experienced researchers. Pilots contribute in interviews, experiments and simulations. Natural Warning Sounds are intended to convey relevant information, require fewer cognitive resources and increase performance in safety critical human-machine systems. The research includes analyses of existing systems, associability and soundimagery studies, and simulations for testing presentation logic.
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