| 1. |
- Asplund, Fredrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Engineer-Centred Design Factors and Methodological Approach for Maritime Autonomy Emergency Response Systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Safety. - Basel, Switzerland : MDPI. - 2313-576X. ; 8:3, s. 54-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Commercial deployment of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASSs) is close to becoming a reality. Although MASSs are fully autonomous, the industry will still allow remote operations centre (ROC) operators to intervene if a MASS is facing an emergency the MASS cannot handle by itself. A human-centred design for the associated emergency response systems will require attention to the ROC operator workplace, but also, arguably, to the behaviour-shaping constraints on the engineers building these systems. There is thus a need for an engineer-centred design of engineering organisations, influenced by the current discourse on human factors. To contribute to the discourse, think-aloud protocol interviewing was conducted with well-informed maritime operators to elicit fundamental demands on cognition and collaboration by maritime autonomy emergency response systems. Based on the results, inferences were made regarding both design factors and methodological choices for future, early phase engineering of emergency response systems. Firstly, engineering firms have to improve their informal gathering and sharing of information through gatekeepers and/or organisational liaisons. To avoid a too cautious approach to accountability, this will have to include a closer integration of development and operations. Secondly, associated studies taking the typical approach of exposing relevant operators to new design concepts in scripted scenarios should include significant flexibility and less focus on realism.
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| 2. |
- McDonald, Nick, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of an Access-Risk-Knowledge (ARK) Platform for Governance of Risk and Change in Complex Socio-Technical Systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:23, s. 12572-12572
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three key challenges to a whole-system approach to process improvement in health systems are the complexity of socio-technical activity, the capacity to change purposefully, and the consequent capacity to proactively manage and govern the system. The literature on healthcare improvement demonstrates the persistence of these problems. In this project, the Access-Risk-Knowledge (ARK) Platform, which supports the implementation of improvement projects, was deployed across three healthcare organisations to address risk management for the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs). In each organisation, quality and safety experts initiated an ARK project and participated in a follow-up survey and focus group. The platform was then evaluated against a set of fifteen needs related to complex system transformation. While the results highlighted concerns about the platform’s usability, feedback was generally positive regarding its effectiveness and potential value in supporting HCAI risk management. The ARK Platform addresses the majority of identified needs for system transformation; other needs were validated in the trial or are undergoing development. This trial provided a starting point for a knowledge-based solution to enhance organisational governance and develop shared knowledge through a Community of Practice that will contribute to sustaining and generalising that change.
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| 3. |
- Moberg, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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Approximation of pilot operational behavior affecting noise footprint in steep approaches
- 2020
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Ingår i: Noise Control Engineering Journal. - : Institute of Noise Control Engineering. - 0736-2501 .- 2168-8710. ; 68:2, s. 179-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landing aircraft create noise that disturbs residents living close to airports. One method to reduce such noise is to fly the final approach at a steeper glide slope than the normal 3.0 degrees glide slope, thus increasing the distance between the source of the noise and the ground. If this is performed, there is a risk that the operational behavior of the pilot counteracts the noise reduction possible to achieve, due to the fact that the pilot must manage the aircraft's speed on a steeper glide slope. For practical reasons, there are few live trials and studies on pilot behavior during steeper approaches. In this project, a method to approximate pilot operational behavior during slightly steeper approaches, using flight data recorder data from standard approaches, was developed. The method exploits the fact that flying an approach in tailwind conditions creates the same operational challenges for a pilot as flying a steeper than normal approach does. The method was applied to 1159 flights. The results indicate that the pilots' operational behavior will change when glide slope angle increases. Extension of final flap and landing gear in steeper approaches will take place at a greater height but closer to the airport than for standard 3.0 degrees ILS approaches. The result can be a reduction of the noise from arriving aircraft by up to 2 dB in some areas beneath the approach path if a 3.5 degrees glide slope angle is used.
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| 4. |
- Rignér, Johan, 1964-
(författare)
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Adapting to increased automation in the aviation industry through performance measurement and training : Barriers and potential
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increased use of automation has affected the work on the flight deck. The Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR), deployed with the purpose to increase the European ATM system performance, identifies automation as a key enabler to increase future system performance. The aviation system is a complex large socio-technical system. The system is affected by internal and external stressors at all system levels. At a work process level of this system, the flight deck represents a Joint Cognitive System. When accidents or incidents do occur, the importance to look beyond the label of flight crew error to understand what happened is widely recognized. As flight safety improves, there are fewer incidents and accidents to learn from, which increases the importance to look at normal operations data for improvement.The flight crew training environment is increasingly relying on collected data about an individual airline’s flight operational environment and performance. Through airlines’ performance measurement system, a large amount of performance data is collected. However, this data is not in a format immediately useful for studies of neither complex socio-technical, nor joint cognitive systems. In addition, regulatory, financial, and other constraints limit airlines’ use of collected data as well as how they perform training.The purpose of this research is to increase knowledge about how training content and learning opportunities for flight crew relates to airline performance monitoring and measurement processes, given a highly automated dynamic environment. Against this background, barriers and potential for improvements to support the flight crew for the operation of the highly automated aircraft are identified.This research has been conducted using a mixed method approach for collecting and analyzing data. The overall research approach is conducted in an applied research tradition. The empirical data in this thesis are primarily based on two research projects, HILAS and Brantare, both with explicit goals of knowledge generation and learning among participating organizations. The results are based on the following methods: 1) System analysis using Rasmussen’s model for a socio-technical system involved in risk management as the framework, to describe the aviation system, primarily with a perspective from the flight crew and their automated work environment, 2) Interviews of pilots, 3) Workshops with groups of pilots and safety office staff, 4) Implementation attempt of a proposed method how to use data and 5) Collection of flight operational data.Based on Rasmussen’s model of a dynamic socio-technical system, the aviation system of interest ranges from “A single European Sky” to regulators, national legislation to flight operations, training, and the work on flight deck as well as political and financial pressures on the airline. The conclusions drawn from this comprehensive scope is reliant on the author’s domain knowledge acquired from some 30 years of experience in the aviation industry.Several barriers against the use of performance data for knowledge and learning improvements are identified. The airline monitoring systems are not ideal for specifically measuring automation related problems and flight crew – automation interactions. Due to the already high flight safety levels, new performance measurement processes and activities are neither prioritized, invested in nor explored. When a proposed data-use method was attempted to be implemented it showed difficulties in finding causalities and relationships between available airline parameters. With unclear causality between various parameters recorded and actual outcomes, it is difficult for airlines to use data available as a source for confident training design. This is also the case for the selection of Safety Performance Indicators, that often are outcome based at a high level. More cross-system integration may render the current measurement systems insufficient to understand difficulties and possibilities in the greater aviation system.Potential for improvement related to the use of data, knowledge and learning are also identified. Flight crew show a high acceptability towards a proposed learning concept based on normal flight data. A greater emphasis of using indicators showing airline adaptability and flexibility is proposed. Also, moving from a scheduled training activity mindset to a wider learning and knowledge management and sharing concept is suggested as a cost-efficient way forward. Increased utilization of normal operational flight data should be used for this purpose and have potential to contribute to both efficiency and safety in aviation.This thesis contributes to airline performance measurement and flight crew training knowledge. Results from this research is valuable in other highly automated safety critical domains with a high acceptance of performance being measured and analyzed.
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| 5. |
- Stogsdill, Matthew, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a Metric Concept that Differentiates Between Normal and Abnormal Operational Aviation Data
- 2022
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Ingår i: Risk Analysis. - : Wiley. - 0272-4332 .- 1539-6924. ; 42:8, s. 1815-1833
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a strong and growing interest in using the large amount of high-quality operationaldata available within an airline. One reason for this is the push by regulators to use data todemonstrate safety performance by monitoring the outputs of Safety P erformance Indicatorsrelative to targeted goals. However, the current exceedance-based approaches alone do notprovide sufficient operational risk information to support managers and operators makingproximate real-time data-driven decisions. The purpose of this study was to develop and testa set of metrics which can complement the current exceedance-based methods. The approachwas to develop two construct variables that were designed with the aim to: (1) create anaggregate construct variable that can differentiate between normal and abnormal landings(row_mean); and (2) determine if temporal sequence patterns can be detected within thedata set that can differentiate between the two landing groups (row_sequence). To assessthe differentiation ability of the aggregate constructs, a set of both statistical and visual testswere run in order to detect quantitative and qualitative differences between the data seriesrepresenting two landing groups prior to touchdown. The result, verified with a time series k-means cluster analysis, show that the composite constructs seem to differentiate normal andabnormal landings by capturing time-varying importance of individual variables in the final300 seconds before touchdown. Together the approaches discussed in this article present aninteresting and complementary way forward that should be further pursued.
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| 6. |
- Ulfvengren, Pernilla, et al.
(författare)
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FLYT 365 – Dags att sjösätta förutsättningar för en innovativ kollektivtrafik?
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Studien har en utgångspunkt i tidigare arbeten om kollektivtrafik på vatten men tar ett större grepp. Genom litteraturstudier och intervjuer med representanter för centrala aktörer i planeringen av kollektivtrafiksystemets utveckling och med ett avstamp i systemteori påvisas egenskaper som tillskrivs stora sociotekniska system. Därigenom framstår ett tydligt behov av att omvandla kollektivtrafiksystemet för att minska klimatavtryck och trängsel och samtidigt öka kapaciteten. Analysen visar hur inarbetade regelverk, planeringsprocesser, modeller, verktyg och samhällsekonomiska kalkyler deltar i en rådande socioteknisk regim som bara tillåter systemförändringar inom etablerade ramar. Förutsättningarna för innovation, i det här sammanhanget öppenheten för icke-etablerade trafiklösningar, blir därmed begränsade vilket hämmar omvandling i hållbar riktning. Rapporten identifierar och diskuterar en rad låsningar vilka beskrivs i relation till explicita delregimer och förklarar hur den etablerade regimen inte släpper in trafikslagsövergripande alternativ, inte uppfattar möjligheterna att utnyttja vattenvägar eller stödjer utveckling av andra icke etablerade alternativ. Låsningarna hindrar alternativ att slå igenom som inte ingår i systemets dominanta design. Studien konstaterar att bättre förutsättningar för innovation skulle bidra till ett faktiskt trafikslagsövergripande perspektiv och ökat nyttjande av bland annat potentialen hos vattenvägarna. Rapporten avslutas med att samla nyckelresultat, slutsatser samt tar steg framåt genom en uppsättning förslag för ökad innovativitet i utvecklingen av kollektivtrafiksystemet, varav några är direkt riktade till utvecklingen av den vattenburna kollektivtrafiken.
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| 7. |
- Ulfvengren, Pernilla, et al.
(författare)
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Wicked problems in an aviation noise system
- 2022
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Ingår i: Internoise 2022. - : The Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA, Inc..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing awareness of community impact of aviation noise, such as health and annoyance issues. Community complaints that interfere with airport business has resulted in serious efforts to reduce aviation noise. However, even though improvements have been made, these efforts have not successfully reduced noise annoyance, in fact, community reactions towards airport operations have increased over time. The project INFRA, was initiated based on a community complaint regarding Arlanda airport, with the objective to develop knowledge of noise annoyance. Based on a broad interview study, a number of actors and their perspectives have been identified: neighbours, house and landowners, municipals, county board, land and environmental jurisdiction, transportation agency, transport administration, airports, air service providers, environmental protection agency and politicians. Results show that the aviation system contains opposing perceptions of noise and strategies, which induce conflicts, and breaches of trust from policies and regulations, all the way down to individual neighbours. An outcome is a set of identified dilemmas representing incompatible worldviews, and deep disagreement of values. After analysis, these are concluded to represent a condition associated with what is called a “wicked problem”. The result of the study contributes to an increased understanding and representation of the wicked aviation noise system.
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| 8. |
- Zhao, Lin, 1995-
(författare)
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Teleoperation and the influence of driving feedback on drivers’ behaviour and experience
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Automated vehicles (AVs) have been developing at a rapid pace over the past few years. However, many difficulties still remain for achieving full Level-5 AVs. This signifies that AVs still require human operators to intervene or assist, such as taking over control of AVs or selecting their routes. Therefore, teleoperation can be seen as a subsystem of AVs that can remotely control and supervise a vehicle when needed. However, teleoperated driving conditions are largely different from real-life driving, so remote drivers may experience different driving feedback. In such a situation, therefore, the driving behaviour and performance of remote drivers can also be impacted. The following three studies were conducted to investigate these points.First, a seamless comparative study was carried out between teleoperated and real-life driving. Driving behaviour and performance were compared in two scenarios: slalom and lane following. Significant differences in driving behaviour and performance between them were found in the study. The lane following deviation during teleoperated driving is much greater than that of real-life driving. In addition, remote drivers are more likely to drive slower and make more steering corrections in lane following manoeuvres.Second, three types of steering force feedback (SFF) modes were compared separately in both teleoperated and real-life driving to investigate the effect of SFF on driving experience. The three SFF modes consist of Physical model-based steering force Feedback (PsF), Modular model-based steering force Feedback (MsF), and No steering force Feedback (NsF). The difference between PsF and MsF is that the main forces come from different sources, namely the estimated tyre force and steering motor current, respectively. As expected, the experimental results indicate that NsF would significantly reduce the driving experience in both driving conditions. In addition, remote drivers were found to require reduced steering feedback force and returnability.Finally, the influence of motion-cueing, sound, and vibration feedback on driving behaviour and experience was studied in a virtual teleoperation platform based on the IPG CarMaker environment. The prototype of a teleoperated driving station (TDS) with motion-cueing, sound, and vibration feedback was first developed to study human factors in teleoperated driving. Then, the low-speed disturbance scenario and high-speed dynamic scenario were used separately to investigate how these factors affect driving. Experimental results indicate that sound and vibration feedback can be an important factor in speed control by providing remote drivers a sense of speed. In the low-speed disturbance scenario, motion-cueing feedback can help with road surface perception and improve the driving experience. However, it did not significantly improve driving performance in the high-speed dynamic scenario.The research conducted reveals how driving behaviour may change in teleoperated driving and how different driving feedback influences it. These results could provide guidance for improving teleoperated driving in future research and serve as a guide for policymaking related to teleoperation.
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