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- Comte, Samantha, et al.
(författare)
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The Effects of ATT and Non-ATT Systems and Treatments on Driver Speed Behaviour
- 1997
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- MASTER (MAnaging Speeds of Traffic on European Roads) aims to provide re-commendations for speed management strategies and policies and develop guidelines for the development of innovative speed management tools. This document reviews the relevant literature and various Advanced Transport Telematics (ATT) and traditional (non-ATT) methods of reducing driver speed are evaluated. It is concluded that traditional methods such as traffic calming can be effective at reducing speed at isolated sites. However their effects are localised in time and space, and have the additional drawbacks of lack of public acceptability, secondary costs such as noise and pollution, and possible accident migration. The most successful measures appear to be those which require drivers physically to lower their speed (e.g road humps) or alter the way in which drivers perceive the road (e.g. perceptual countermeasures). Technologically innovative methods offer opportunities of providing feedback to individual drivers, of implementing variable speed limits to maintain traffic flow and of automating longitudinal control by means of speed limiters and adaptive cruise control. It was concluded that informative systems have much smaller negative safety effects than intervening systems and appear to be more acceptable to drivers. ATT technologies are promising, but the associated issues of reliability, behavioural adaptation and acceptability merit further research. Trials will be carried out on a driving simulator to establish the relative contributions of various ATT and non-ATT speed reduction measures to safety.
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| 4. |
- Kallberg, Veli-Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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MASTER – Managing Speeds of Traffic on European Rods. Final Report.
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The content of the European research project MAnaging Speeds of Traffic on European Roads (MASTER) is presented. Speed management is described as a two-step process where target speeds for different kinds of roads are determined first, and then various measures and tools are applied in order to adopt such speed. Current practice and main problems in speed management are described. The various impacts of speed and the factors affecting drivers’ choice of speed as well as the various speed management measures and tools are discussed. Basic principles of rational speed management are outlined on these grounds. Finally, recommendations for further development of speed management and research needs are formulated. It is recommended that target speeds on different kinds of roads are determined on the basis of systematic and comprehensive assessment of all impacts of speed. The recommendations concerning speed management measures and tools include, for example, harmonisation of speed limits in different European countries, development of European guidelines for urban speed management, further development and wider use of automated speed enforcement, and introduction of adaptive in-vehicle speed limiters. Further research is needed on the impacts of speed on accidents, pollution and costs to road users as well as on the monetary valuation of these impacts. Standardisation of procedures used in collection and reporting of speed data is needed to facilitate international comparisons.
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| 5. |
- Kallberg, Veli-Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Recommendations for Speed Management on European Roads
- 1999
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Board Annual Proceeding.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results of a recent European research project MAnaging Speeds of Traffic on European Roads (MASTER) are presented. Speed management is described as a two-step process where target speeds for different kinds of roads are determined first, and then various measures and tools are applied in order to adopt such speed. Current practice and main problems in speed management are described. The various impacts of speed and the factors affecting drivers’ choice of speed as well as the various speed management measures and tools are discussed. Basic principles of rational speed management are outlined on these grounds. Finally, recommendations for further development of speed management and research needs are formulated. It is recommended that target speeds on different kinds of roads are determined on the basis of systematic and comprehensive assessment of all impacts of speed. The recommendations concerning speed management measures and tools include, for example, harmonisation of speed limits in different European countries, development of European guidelines for urban speed management, further development and wider use of automated speed enforcement, and introduction of adaptive in-vehicle speed limiters. Further research is needed on the impacts of speed on accidents, pollution and costs to road users as well as on the monetary valuation of these impacts. Standardisation of procedures used in collection and reporting of speed data is needed to facilitate international comparisons.
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| 6. |
- Kallberg, Veli-Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Recommendations for Speed Management Strategies and Policies.
- 1998
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the project MASTER (MAnaging Speeds of Traffic on European Roads) was to produce information that can be cited in the preparation of national and EU decisions concerning speed management and speed control equipment standards. For this purpose, the project looked for answers to three key questions: 1)What are acceptable ranges of speeds? 2)What are the key factors influencing drivers’ choice of speed? 3)What are the best speed management tools and strategies? The results of the project are documented in 26 reports: 12 deliverables and 14 working papers. The objective of the this report is to present recommendations for speed management strategies and policies. Recommendations for Speed Management Measures, Tools and Policy 1.Speed limits on roads of similar classification in different European countries should be harmonised so that road users’ expectations are consistent with respect to correct choice of speed irrespective of previous driving experiences in their home country. These speed limits should reflect the socially desirable speeds determined for example with the help of the MASTER framework. 2.European guidelines are needed for application of speed management measures and tools on residential and main roads in urban areas and on rural mixed-traffic roads. This would promote consistent and cost-effective speed management both on urban roads, where a wider range of potential alternatives is available and on rural roads where the possibilities for using low-cost physical measures are more limited. 3.Preparations for the introduction of compulsory adaptive speed limiters should be started. Adaptive speed limiters automatically prevent speeding by adjusting speeds according to the prevailing speed limit. The first step could be large scale field experiments in urban areas in different countries. Urban roads are the best choice for the first application because on such roads their public acceptability is highest and potential negative effects e.g. in the form of behavioural adaptation are smallest. 4.Redesign of European roads according to the principles of self-explaining roads should include hierarchical categorisation into a limited number of categories so that each level has a distinct set of characteristics that is clearly different from that of other levels. A reduced and simplified road hierarchy would promote the correct choice of speed for each road type and have other positive effects on road safety by assisting correct anticipation of behaviour of other road users. 5.Automated speed enforcement should be developed further and taken into wider use. In some countries legislative changes are needed so that the owner of the vehicle can be held responsible for speeding offences. In addition, a common standard could be developed for identification of vehicles by an electronic device. Speeding vehicles are currently identified from photographs which often requires laborious manual work. Electronic identification devices could be used also for collection of parking fees and road tolls. Furthermore, equipment that is currently used only for traffic monitoring could be used for enforcement purposes (e.g. induction loops and data transfer equipment). 6.The difference between the effects of speed on social costs and on private costs should be reduced, for example by internalising external costs (e.g. accident costs and environmental costs). This would encourage drivers to choose speeds that are preferable not only from their private standpoint but also from society’s point of view. 7.Information and publicity campaigns regarding the impacts of speed are needed, with the purpose of giving neutral and objective information about all impacts of speed, with due attention to the difference between private and social costs. Such information could increase the public acceptance of speed restrictions that are justified from society’s viewpoint, but decision-makers will still need to recognise that popularity is not necessarily a good criterion for speed management policies. 8.The highest possible speed of vehicles should be limited to the highest speed limit on motorways and speed limits on motorways should be harmonised across Europe.
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| 7. |
- Kallberg, Veli-Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Strategies and tools for speed management on European roads.
- 1998
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the European project MASTER (MAnaging Speeds of Traffic on European Roads) is to produce information that can be cited in the preparation of national and EU decisions concerning speed management and standards for speed control equipment. For this purpose, the project seeks answers to three key questions:1) What are acceptable ranges of speeds?2) What are the key factors influencing drivers’ choice of speed?3) What are the best speed management tools and strategies?Each of three research areas addresses one of these questions. Area 1 is concerned with developing a basis for appraisal of effects of different levels of speed upon accident occurrence, emissions, noise, vehicle operating costs and travel time. Area 2 provides information on factors that influence drivers speed behaviour with respect to present speed levels and speed management methods in Europe, enforcement levels, motivation and acceptability of driving speeds, and road design and subjective road categorisation. Area 3 reviews various tools for speed management, tests the most promising ones and gives recommendations for implementation of Advanced Transport Telematics (ATT) systems. The summary reports from these three work areas provide the main inputs to this paper, which is concerned with making recommendations for speed management strategies and policies. The full results of the project are documented in 26 reports which are listed in the reference section of this paper.
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| 8. |
- Mäkinen, Tapani, et al.
(författare)
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Field trials with in-car speed limiter.
- 1998
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effects of an in-car speed limiter were investigated in three European countries, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden representing different regions and driving cultures. The study was carried out in urban and surrounding areas. Most of the European speed limit categories, ranging from 30 km/h to 120 km/h were included. The effects of the limiter were greatest in free driving conditions outside platoons. However, the effects of the limiter were also seen in congested traffic, even though milder than in free driving. The effects were greatest in supressing momentary high speeds, and consquently the variation of speeds was clearly reduced by the limiter. Some negative behavioural effects were also found. These were usually slightly higher numer of short time-headways and the increased frustration and stress caused by the lim-iter. The acceptance of the limiter increased somewhat after trying it out. However, clearly less than half of the drivers would take the limiter voluntarily in theis cars. The majority of the subjects accepted the speed limiter as a driver operated system.
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| 9. |
- Svensson, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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Conflict studies for safety evaluation of an incident warning system
- 1995
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Evaluation of the effects on road safety of an incident warning system on the IP5 road in Portugal was carried out. Video data at two sites was collected before and after the activation of the warning system. Conflict observations revealed that there was no major change in safety between the before and the after period.
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