| 1. |
- Adell, Emeli, et al.
(författare)
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Auditory and haptic systems for in-car speed management – A comparative real life study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transportation Research. Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478. ; 11:6, s. 445-458
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Field experiments with ISA (intelligent speed adaptation) were carried out in Hungary and Spain in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Twenty private vehicles in each country were equipped with two kinds of systems: (1) support via an active accelerator pedal (AAP) and (2) warning via beep signals and a flashing red light when the speed limit was exceeded (BEEP). The test drivers drove for a month with both systems installed in each car. Speed was continually logged in all the vehicles and the test drivers were interviewed about their acceptance and experiences of the systems. The results show that both systems reduced the mean and 85 percentile speeds, but that the AAP was more effective. There was no long-lasting effect on speeds when the systems were removed. After the trial half of the drivers were willing to keep an ISA system, but more drivers wanted to keep the BEEP-system even though it showed lower satisfaction ratings than the AAP. The results indicate no major differences between the countries despite the workload being perceived to be higher in Hungary than in Spain.
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| 2. |
- Adell, Emeli, et al.
(författare)
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Developing HMI components for a driver assistance system for safe speed and safe distance
- 2008
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Ingår i: IET Intelligent Transport Systems. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). - 1751-9578 .- 1751-956X. ; 2:1, s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a pre-screening procedure that was carried out with a number of candidate Human-Machine-Interaction solutions in three different modes (visual, auditory and haptic) for the concepts of “safe speed and safe distance” (referred to as SASPENCE) of an Advanced Driver Assistance System (termed as ADAS). This procedure was performed simultaneously in two European countries, Sweden and Spain, in 2004. In each country two groups of about 30 drivers each participated in the two-phase procedure. Eleven visual display alternatives for speed information and ten alternatives for distance warning as well as twelve auditory warning sounds were screened by a standard procedure. In addition, two alternatives of haptic feedback via the accelerator pedal were tested in a mock-up driving seat. The overall results provide recommendations for visual, auditory and haptic feedback alternatives to build a driver support system for safe speed and safe distance.
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| 3. |
- Adell, Emeli, et al.
(författare)
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Development of HMI components for a driver assistance system for safe speed and safe distance
- 2006
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A pre-screening procedure with a number of candidate Human-Machine-Interaction solutions (visual, auditory and haptic) for the concept of Safe Speed and Safe Distance was carried out. Two groups of about 30 test persons participated in the two-phase test procedure. Eleven candidate visual displays for speed information and ten alternatives for distance warning as well as twelve auditory warning sounds were screened by a standard procedure. Two alternatives of haptic feed-back via the accelerator pedal were tested in a mock-up driving seat. The activity resulted in recommendations for visual, auditory and haptic feedback alternatives to build the “warning package”.
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| 4. |
- Adell, Emeli, et al.
(författare)
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Driver comprehension and acceptance of the active accelerator pedal after long-term use
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transportation Research. Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478. ; 11:1, s. 37-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driver comprehension and acceptance of the active accelerator pedal (AAP) after long-term use were evaluated in a large-scale Swedish trial held in 2000-2002. The system was installed in the cars of 281 test drivers who then used it for between six months and a year. The participants' responses, elicited by questionnaires in the end of the trial, showed a positive rating of the concept of the AAP, while the willingness to pay for it was lower than for other driver-assistance systems studied elsewhere. The typically skeptical driver was a young, male, company car driver with initially negative attitude and a faulty AAP. The typically enthusiastic driver was an older, female, private driver with initially positive attitude and a fault-free AAP. The drivers found that the system, if not satisfactory, was useful but added to the emotional pressure felt by the driver. However, they did think it had positive impacts on performance and safety. Still, the largest perceived effect was a decrease in the risk of being fined for speeding. The gap between the concept of the AAP and willingness to keep and pay for the system puts a clear focus on the importance to define acceptance and developing a tool to ensure reliable assessments of it.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Adell, Emeli, et al.
(författare)
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Test of HMI Alternatives for Driver Support to Keep Safe Speed and Safe Distance - A Simulator Study
- 2008
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Ingår i: The Open Transportation Journal. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 1874-4478. ; 2, s. 53-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a driving simulator trial to evaluate driver reactions to a number of alternative information/ warning modes of a multi-modal system for the “safe speed and safe distance” concept. In 2006, eight Human Machine Interaction alternatives, consisting of a combination of visual, haptic and auditory modes were used alternatively to give information/warning to the driver on safe speed, safe distance and the prevailing speed limit. Thirty-four test drivers drove once without the SASPENCE system and twice with the system. The system did not affect the speed behaviour of the driver in either normal conditions or sharp curves. The average number of alarms was slightly larger when driving with the system. The haptic HMI alternative - the combination of force feedback in the accelerator pedal and vibration of the seat belt for speed warning and pulsation in the accelerator pedal for distance warning - gave the lowest proportion of time of being in an unsafe situation, and improved driver-reaction time most. This haptic alternative also resulted in the most positive driver ratings/experiences of the system. The visual alternatives used were positively rated by the drivers, but no clear differences between them could be found according to opinions. The auditory feedback was not appreciated by the drivers. All the drivers stated they would accept the SASPENCE system if the system was installed in their cars free of charge. The majority would accept a system that was both informative and advisory, while some of them also stated they would accept an intervening system.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bagdadi, Omar, et al.
(författare)
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Utveckling av mätinstrument för registrering av säkerhetskritiska händelser i motorfordon
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ett mätinstrument för registrering av trafikkonflikter i fordon via ”Jerk” har tagits fram. Metoden bygger på sambandet mellan ”Jerk” (en plötslig förändring i retardationen) och trafikkonflikt. Utrustningen består av en accelerometer, en liten videokamera, GPS samt datalogg för registrering av händelser (bildsekvens och kördata som föregick en säkerhetskritisk händelse). Resultaten från testkörningarna visar att instrumentet är kapabel till att mäta och registrera accelerationsprofiler med tillräckligt hög noggrannhet för att kunna skilja inbromsningsförlopp för planerade kraftiga inbromsningar från oplanerade nödbromsningar. Detta görs genom att analysera första derivatan av accelerationsprofilen, s.k. ”Jerks”.
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| 9. |
- Bruel, Laure, et al.
(författare)
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HMI tests in simulator
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main goal of SASPENCE is to develop and evaluate an innovative system able to perform the Safe Speed and Safe Distance concept, that means to help the driver in avoiding accident situations related to excessive speed or too small headway. So, the system should co-operate seamlessly with the driver, suggesting the proper velocity for the given condition (road structure, traffic situation, etc.) preventing risky and dangerous situations and thus avoiding collision. This support is done through a Human Machine Interface (HMI). It is essential that the HMIs are easily understandable by the driver and that they induce a suitable reaction to the danger, otherwise the system is worthless. The simulator tests are the second step of the HMI design process that counts three of them. After the static tests that have enabled to show up the preferred visual, haptic and acoustic HMI, 8 combinations of HMI have been tested in dynamic conditions in the PSA driving simulator while part of the SASPENCE modules were running and tested. These tests should enable us to understand which HMIs are the best for the driver, that is to say, which HMI makes it possible to give the SASPENCE information in the clearest way to the driver. The main aims of these tests were to evaluate the effects of the SASPENCE system on drivers’ behaviour and to give recommendations for the HMI to be installed in the two test-cars, according to drivers’ preference and the efficiency of the HMI. They were also useful: - to improve the representativeness of the static tests results, - to check the good operation of some modules, that will be implemented in the test cars, and to check the good communication between the driver and the HMI, very early in the project, long before the demonstration cars are ready, - to complete the final road tests by measurements and observations in a more reproducible and observable conditions than the real road test. One interesting result of these tests is that the HMIs that were selected at the end of the static tests appeared to be too complex to be understood when one was driving. Another main result is that the SASPENCE system is efficient, as drivers spend less time in risky situations when driving with the SASPENCE system.
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| 10. |
- Gietelink, Olaf, et al.
(författare)
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Pilot Plan Design
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This document describes the methodology for the evaluation and the assessment of the Safe Speed – Safe Distance (SSSD) concept of the SASPENCE system. It describes the evaluation using the prototype vehicles from a technical and functional point of view, as well as to assess such a system by a subjective rating by the driver. In particular, the first part is the report on the pilot plan design, that is the methodology of technical and functional evaluation, including the field-tests driver’s evaluation – the subjective evaluation with ordinary users on real road scenarios – performed on the SSSD system. The methodology for the technical and functional evaluation involves simulations using a computer environment, as well as experiments in the Vehicle Hardware-in-the-Loop (VEHIL) laboratory, and on-road test drives. The test method for traffic impact assessment (in terms of improved quality of the driving experience and traffic safety) will be focused on traffic simulation. The test case consists of an integrated set of methods and tools which will allow also a more rapid evaluation and assessment of future Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs).
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