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- Gustafson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Tuberculosis in Bissau: incidence and risk factors in an urban community in sub-Saharan Africa
- 2004
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - Oxford : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1464-3685 .- 0300-5771. ; 33:1, s. 163-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Despite the long history of tuberculosis (TB) research, population-based studies from developing countries are rare. Methods In a prospective community study in Bissau, the capital of Guinea-Bissau, we assessed the impact of demographic, socioeconomic and cultural risk factors on active TB. A surveillance system in four districts of the capital identified 247 adult (greater than or equal to15 years) cases of intrathoracic TB between May 1996 and June 1998. Risk factors were evaluated comparing cases with the 25 189 adults living in the area in May 1997. Results The incidence of intrathoracic TB in the adult population was 471 per 100 000 person-years. Significant risk factors in a multivariate analysis were increasing age (P < 0.0001), male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.85, 3.60), ethnic group other than the largest group (Pepel) (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.22), adult crowding (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.39 for >2 adults in household), and poor quality of housing (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.22). Household type was important; adults living alone or with adults of their own sex only, had a higher risk of developing TB than households with husband and wife present, the adjusted OR being 1.76 (95% CI: 1.11, 2.78) for male households and 3.80 (95% CI: 1.69, 8.56) for female households. In a multivariate analysis excluding household type, child crowding was a protective factor, the OR being 0.68 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.90) for households with >2 children per household. Conclusions Bissau has a very high incidence of intrathoracic TB. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), increasing age, male sex, ethnicity, adult crowding, family structure, and poor housing conditions were independent risk factors for TB. Apart from HIV prevention, TB control programmes need to emphasize risk factors such as socioeconomic inequality, ethnic differences, crowding, and gender.
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| 2. |
- Seng, R, et al.
(författare)
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Community study of the relative impact of HIV-1 and HIV-2 on intrathoracic tuberculosis
- 2002
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Ingår i: AIDS. - 1473-5571. ; 16:7, s. 1059-1066
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: HIV-1 infection is associated with an increased incidence of and mortality from tuberculosis. Few community studies have examined the effect of HIV-2 on tuberculosis. Methods: We investigated the association between HIV-1, HIV-2 and active tuberculosis in four districts (population 42 709) in Bissau, capital of Guinea-Bissau, with the highest known seroprevalence of HIV-2 infection in the world. From May 1996 to June 1998, tuberculosis surveillance and active case finding among contacts was conducted. Patients were HIV-tested, given specific tuberculosis treatment for 8 months and followed regarding mortality. Simultaneously, an HIV sero-survey was performed in a random sample of 1748 permanent residents. Results: During a 25-month period, 366 tuberculosis cases were identified. After excluding cases among visitors to the area, and adjusting for age, the incidence of tuberculosis was 18.3 times higher (95% CI 12.9-26.0) among HIV-1-positive individuals, 13.7 times higher (9.0-20.7) among dually infected (HIV-1 and HIV-2), and 3.0 times higher (2.1-4.3) among HIV-2-infected compared with HIV-negative individuals. HIV-1 and dually infected tuberculosis patients had a higher mortality rate than HIV-negative tuberculosis patients [mortality ratio (MR) 2.68; CI 1.11 -6.48 and 2.89; CI 1.13-7.39, respectively]. The survival of HIV-2-positive tuberculosis patients was similar to that of HIV-negative tuberculosis patients (MR 1.19; CI 0.46-3.06). Conclusion: The presence of HIV-2 infection increases the incidence of tuberculosis compared with that in non-HIV-infected individuals, but does not affect tuberculosis-related mortality in the short term. In contrast, the presence of HIV-1 infection, alone or with HIV-2, has a several-fold greater impact on both the incidence of and mortality from tuberculosis. (C) 2002 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.
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| 3. |
- Danks, A. C., et al.
(författare)
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Properties of the -513 km/s Ejecta in the Spectrum of Eta Carinae
- 2002
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Ingår i: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. ; 34, s. 1184-1184
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the spectral region 2400-3160A of Eta Carinae, we have identifiedapproximately 500 absorption lines each with up to twenty velocitycomponents.The -512 km/s component is truely unique as 1) the typicalline width is <3 km/s, 2) the identified lines are in Fe I, Fe II, VII and Ti II, and 3) the lines originate from lower levels up to 2000cm-1 above the ground level. We have measured the velocity centers, fullwidth at half maximum and equivalent widths for approximately 100absorption lines. Initial results were very confusing as we found morevariation in central velocities than would be expected from known STISechelle wavelength standards. Upon further review, we found that thereporteded wavelengths in the NIST and Kurucz databases were notsufficiently accurate. S. Johansson searched FTS laboratory measurementsperformed at Lund for V II and Ti II and provided much improvedwavelength measures. Likewise, we find more variation in column densitythan expected statistically from the accuracy of the equivalent widthsfor lines originating from the same energy level. We are reviewing thepublished gf values and our measurements to improve the measured columndensities. Some spectroscopy of the ejecta has already been accomplishedat two different epochs. Preliminary measures of equivalent widthsindicate there may be some variation with time, but we awaitmeasurements planned for July 2003 during the upcoming spectroscopicminimum of Eta Carinae. These observations were accomplished throughSTScI and funding was from STIS GTO resources.
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| 5. |
- Vieira, G. L., et al.
(författare)
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The -145 km/s Absorption System of Eta Carinae
- 2002
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Ingår i: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. ; 34:4, s. 1184-1184
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the STIS E230H mode (R 118,000), we have identified about twentyabsorption components in line of sight from Eta Carinae. Two components,one at -513 km/s and another at -145 km/s, are quite different incharacter from the others, mostly at intermediate velocities (Seeadjacent posters by T. Gull and A. Danks). The -145 km/s component issignificantly wider in fwhm, is seen in many more species, and the lowerlevel can be above 20,000 cm-1, well above the 2000 cm-1 noted in the-513 km/s component. In the spectral region from 2400 to 3160A,approximately 500 absorption lines have been identified. In this poster,we will present line identifications and atomic parameters of themeasured lines, hopefully providing insight as to what levels are beingexcited and by what processes. Observations were accomplished throughSTScI under proposal 9242 (Danks, P.I.). Funding is through the STIS GTOresources.
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