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- Kautiainen, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Sociodemographic factors and a secular trend of adolescent overweight in Finland
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. - : INFORMA HEALTHCARE. - 1747-7166 .- 1747-7174. ; 4:4, s. 360-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aim. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased three-fold among Finnish adolescents during the past three decades. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether this secular trend differed between sociodemographic subgroups of adolescents. Methods. Mailed surveys were conducted among nationally representative samples of 12-18 year olds biennially in 1979-2005 (N = 3 105-8 390 per year, response rates 88%-66%). Body mass index was calculated from self-reported weight and height, and overweight (including obesity) was defined according to the IOTF reference for children. Associations between sociodemographic factors and secular trend in the prevalence of overweight were tested by logistic regression including interaction terms between survey year and sociodemographic variables. Results. Throughout the study period a higher prevalence of overweight, as compared with the respective reference groups, was observed among adolescents from rural areas, Western or Eastern Finland; or from lower socioeconomic status families (as measured by father's/guardian's education or occupational status or by mother's education); adolescents reporting lower school achievement, attending vocational school or not going to school at all; adolescents whose fathers were not employed outside home; and among girls living in non-nuclear families or whose mothers were unemployed/laid-off or retired/on long-lasting sick leave. The statistically significant interactions between survey year and sociodemographic variables on the prevalence of overweight were few and inconsistent. Conclusion. The prevalence of overweight varied across sociodemographic subgroups of adolescents but in general no sociodemographic differences in the trends over time were observed. These results suggest that factors underlying the increasing trend of overweight have affected the entire adolescent population.
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| 2. |
- Knip, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental triggers and determinants of type 1 diabetes
- 2005
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 54:SUPPL. 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Type 1 diabetes is perceived as a chronic immune-mediated disease with a subclinical prodromal period characterized by selective loss of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets in genetically susceptible subjects. A series of evidence supports a critical role of exogenous factors in the development of type 1 diabetes, such as 1) the fact that <10% of individuals with HLA-conferred diabetes susceptibility do progress to clinical disease, 2) a pairwise concordance of type 1 diabetes of <40% among monozygotic twins, 3) a more than 10-fold difference in the disease incidence among Caucasians living in Europe, 4) a several-fold increase in the incidence over the last 50 years, and 5) migration studies indicating that the disease incidence has increased in population groups who have moved from a low-incidence to a high-incidence region. This article discusses the trigger-booster hypothesis claiming that the diabetic disease process is triggered by an exogenous factor with definite seasonal variation and driven by one or several other environmental determinants. In addition, there are a series of modifying factors affecting the fate and pace of the process. Accordingly, progression to clinical type 1 diabetes typically requires the unfortunate combination of genetic disease susceptibility, a diabetogenic trigger, and a high exposure to a driving antigen. © 2005 by the American Diabetes Association.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Tittanden, M, et al.
(författare)
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Dietary insulin as an immunogen and tolerogen
- 2006
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Ingår i: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 17:7, s. 538-543
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have shown that exposure to bovine insulin (BI) in cow's milk (CM) formula induces an insulin-specific immune response in infants. Here we studied the role of human insulin (HI) in breast milk as a modulator of the immune response to insulin. In a group of 128 children participating in the TRIGR pilot study, maternal breast milk samples were collected 3-7 days and/or 3 months after delivery. After exclusive breast-feeding, the children received either CM formula or casein hydrolysate during the first 6-8 months of life. Insulin concentration in breast milk and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to BI in plasma samples were measured by EIA. The levels of insulin in breast milk samples were higher in mothers affected by type 1 diabetes than in non-diabetic mothers (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001). The concentration of insulin in breast milk correlated inversely with the plasma levels of IgG antibodies to BI at 6 months of age in children who received CM formula (r = -0.39, p = 0.013), and at 12 months of age in all children (r = -0.25, p = 0.029). The levels of breast milk insulin were higher in the mothers of nine children who developed beta-cell autoimmunity when compared with autoantibody-negative children (p = 0.030), this holds true also when only children of diabetic mothers were included (p = 0.045). BI in CM induces higher levels of IgG to insulin in infants than does HI in breast-fed children. Instead, HI in breast milk seems to be tolerogenic and may downregulate the IgG response to dietary BI. However, our results in infants who developed beta-cell autoimmunity suggest that in this subgroup of children breast milk insulin does not promote tolerance. © 2006 The Authors.
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