| 1. |
- Knieps, Melanie, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Back to the Future: Asking About Mental Images to Discriminate Between True and False Intentions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0022-3980 .- 1940-1019. ; 147:6, s. 619-640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we asked participants to mentally travel back to the future. The participants were asked to remember and report on a mental image of the near future. We predicted that participants who, during an interview, told the truth about their intentions would differ in their descriptions of their mental images compared to participants who lied about their future intentions. We found partial support for this overarching assumption. More specifically, we found that more truth tellers than liars reported to have had a mental image activated during the planning of their intentions. We also showed that liars (vs. truth tellers) found the question on the mental image more difficult to answer. However, they did not differ in other aspects (number of words and amount of details reported, and subjective perception of the mental image activated). The suspects were interviewed twice, with an interval of one week, and in line with our prediction we found that liars' (vs. truth tellers') reports were less consistent over time. This study departures from episodic future thought and aims to contribute to the development of a scientifically based interview protocol for discriminating between true and false intentions.
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| 2. |
- Knieps, Melanie, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Been there before? Examining "familiarity" as a moderator for discriminating between true and false intentions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prospection is thinking about possible future states of the world. Commitment to perform a future action-commonly referred to as intention-is a specific type of prospection. This knowledge is relevant when trying to assess whether a stated intention is a lie or the truth. An important observation is that thinking of, and committing to, future actions often evoke vivid and detailed mental images. One factor that affects how specific a person experiences these simulations is location-familiarity. The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent location-familiarity moderates how liars and truth tellers describe a mental image in an investigative interview. Liars were instructed to plan a criminal act and truth tellers were instructed to plan a non-criminal act. Before they could carry out these acts, the participants were intercepted and interviewed about the mental images they may have had experienced in this planning phase. Truth tellers told the truth whereas liars used a cover story to mask their criminal intentions. As predicted, the results showed that the truth tellers reported a mental image significantly more often than the liars. If a mental image was reported, the content of the descriptions did not differ between liars and truth tellers. In a post interview questionnaire, the participants rated the vividness (i.e., content and clarity) of their mental images. The ratings revealed that the truth tellers had experienced their mental images more vividly during the planning phase than the liars. In conclusion, this study indicates that both prototypical and specific representations play a role in prospection. Although location-familiarity did not moderate how liars and truth tellers describe their mental images of the future, this study allows some interesting insights into human future thinking. How these findings can be helpful for distinguishing between true and false intentions will be discussed.
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| 3. |
- Knieps, Melanie, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Repeated Visits to the Future: Asking about Mental images to Discriminate between True and False Intentions
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Advances in Psychology. - 2169-494X .- 2169-4958. ; 2:2, s. 93-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study participants were interviewed on two occasions about a mental image of a future action. It was predicted that during an investigative interview, participants who told the truth would be more forthcoming when reporting a mental image of their future actions (such as using more words and details) compared to participants who lied about their future actions. We found that truth tellers more than liars reported to have had a mental image activated during the planning of their future actions. In addition, truth tellers used more words to describe their mental images than liars. However, no difference was found between liars and truth tellers regarding the type of details they used to describe their mental images. The subjective ratings ‐ truthfully answered by all participants ‐ revealed that truth tellers perceived their mental image as significantly clearer than liars. The results indicated that repeated interviews conducted on the same day are unlikely to elicit more cues to deception compared to a single interview. Future research should refine methods to more accurately pinpoint how liars and truth tellers differ in the type of details they use when describing a mental image of a claimed future intention.
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| 4. |
- Mac Giolla, Erik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Discriminating between True and False Intentions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches. - Chichester : Wiley. - 9781118510001 ; , s. 155-173
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The topic of true and false intent marks a rapidly expanding area of the psychological research of deception. In brief, this research concerns truths and lies about statements of future events. In the first sections of this chapter, we provide a review of the extant research on the topic. First, we present research that has extended traditional deception detection techniques to the field of intent. Such methods primarily include physiological measures (e.g. the concealed information test and thermal imaging approaches) and strategic interviewing methods (e.g. the strategic use of evidence and the use of unanticipated questions). Next, we cover intention-specific approaches. These approaches have availed of basic psychological research on intention-related topics to devise novel tools to detect deceit. Such topics have so far included goals, planning and episodic future thought. The final sections of the chapter build on these intention-specific approaches by suggesting possible avenues for future research. Specifically, we highlight how other research areas, different forms of intent and hitherto unstudied contextual factors can provide new avenues of exploration. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Mann, S, et al.
(författare)
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Two heads are better than one? How to effectively use two interviewers to elicit cues to deception
- 2013
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Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - 1355-3259. ; 18:2, s. 324-340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. We examined the effect of a second interviewer’s demeanour on cues to deception. We predicted that a supportive demeanour would be the most beneficial for eliciting verbal cues to deceit, as it would encourage truth tellers, but not liars, to say more. In addition, we examined the extent to which interviewees deliberately made eye contact with the interviewers. Liars take their credibility less for granted than truth tellers, and therefore have a greater drive to be convincing. Liars are thus more likely to monitor the interviewer to determine if the interviewer appears to believe them. Method. Participants appeared before two interviewers: the first asked all the questions and the second remained silent. The second interviewer exhibited either a supportive, neutral, or a suspicious demeanour. Results. Truth tellers provided significantly more detail than liars, but only in the supportive second interviewer condition. The effect of a second interviewer’s demeanour on detail was perhaps remarkable given that the interviewees hardly looked at the second interviewer (less than 10% of the time). Liars displayed more deliberate eye contact (with the first interviewer) than truth tellers did. Conclusions. A supportive second interviewer has a positive effect on interviewing. We discuss this finding in the wider contexts of investigative interviewing and interviewing to detect deception.
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| 6. |
- Mann, S., et al.
(författare)
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Windows to the Soul? Deliberate Eye Contact as a Cue to Deceit
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0191-5886 .- 1573-3653. ; 36:3, s. 205-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although people overwhelmingly believe that liars avoid eye contact, meta-analyses of deception literature have shown a non-significant relationship between gaze and deception. In the present experiment we measured eye movements in an innovative way. We coded the extent to which interviewees deliberately made eye contact with the interviewer. Liars take their credibility less for granted than truth tellers. They therefore may have a greater desire to be convincing and hence more inclined to monitor the interviewer to determine whether they seem to be being believed. We therefore hypothesized that liars would give more appearance of deliberately making eye contact than truth tellers (a relationship which opposes the stereotypical belief that liars look away). A total of 338 passengers at an international airport told the truth or lied about their forthcoming trip. As well as the deliberate eye contact variable, we coded the amount of time the interviewees looked away from the interviewer (e.g., gaze aversion), which is typically examined in deception research. Liars displayed more deliberate eye contact than truth tellers, whereas the amount of gaze aversion did not differ between truth tellers and liars.
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| 7. |
- Shaw, D. J., et al.
(författare)
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Expect the Unexpected? Variations in Question Type Elicit Cues to Deception in Joint Interviewer Contexts
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 27:3, s. 336-343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the effect of (i) a second interviewer's demeanour and (ii) asking expected and unexpected questions on cues to deception. We predicted that liars compared with truth tellers would provide more detail to expected questions and less detail to unexpected questions, particularly when the second interviewer is supportive. Liars prepare answers for expected questions, and a supportive interviewer will encourage them to provide more detail. By definition, liars have not prepared answers for unexpected questions, and their answers to such questions will be less detailed. Participants (N=168) appeared before two interviewers: The first asked all the questions, and the second remained silent. The second interviewer exhibited either a supportive or a neutral demeanour. As predicted, liars provided more detail to expected questions and less detail to unexpected questions, particularly when the second interviewer was supportive. In conclusion, a supportive second interviewer elicits cues to deceit. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 8. |
- Shaw, D, et al.
(författare)
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‘We'll Take It from Here’: The Effect of Changing Interviewers in Information Gathering Interviews
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 28:6, s. 908-916
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary: A common strategy in interviewing is to repeatedly focus on the same topics, for example by asking to recall an event first in chronological order and then in reverse order. We examined the effect of changing interviewers between the two questions or keeping the same interviewers throughout on cues to deception. Truth tellers may be most encouraged to recall again what they have witnessed when confronted with new interviewers, as these new interviewers have not heard their story before. Liars may be most encouraged to recall again their story when confronted with the same interviewers, realising that these interviewers will check for consistency in their answers. The impact of changing interviewers should lead to more pronounced differences between truth tellers and liars in terms of detail and repetition in the ‘Changed Interviewers’ condition compared with the ‘Same Interviewers’ condition. Participants were interviewed by two interviewers about a mock security meeting they attended. In half the interviews, the same two interviewers remained throughout, and in the other half, two new interviewers took over half-way through. As predicted, differences between truth tellers and liars in terms of detail and repetition were most pronounced in the ‘Changed Interviewers’ condition. Changing interviewers during an interview effectively differentiates liars and truth tellers with respect to detail and repetition. We discuss this finding and its place within investigative interviewing and deception detection literature.
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| 9. |
- Sooniste, Tuule, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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True and false intentions: asking about the past to detect lies about the future
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychology Crime & Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 19:8, s. 673-685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is on how to discriminate between true and false intentions, an emerging area within psycholegal research. We argue that asking about the past (the planning phase) might be a promising way to detect lies about the future (intentions). That is, participants who had developed false intentions to mask their criminal intentions were assumed to provide equally long and detailed answers to questions about intentions, compared to participants who told the truth about their intentions. In contrast, we predicted that lying participants would be worse at answering questions about the planning of their stated (false) intentions, compared to participants telling the truth about the planning of their stated (true) intentions. To test our assumptions, we used a newly devised experimental set-up accommodating the main characteristics of intent. Both lying and truth-telling suspects perceived the questions on planning as more unanticipated, and more difficult to answer, compared to the questions about their intentions (future actions). Furthermore, in support of our predictions we found that the truth-telling (vs. lying) suspects' answers to questions on planning were longer and perceived as more detailed and clear, whereas liars' and truth-tellers' answers to questions on intentions were equally long and perceived as equally detailed.
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| 10. |
- Vrij, A, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison between lying about intentions and past activities: Verbal cues and detection accuracy
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - 0888-4080. ; 25, s. 212-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present two experiments we compared lying about intentions and past activities. In Experiment 1 truth tellers and liars left a building to collect a package from a specified location and deliver it somewhere else. They were interviewed about their intentions before leaving the building and about their activities after having completed the mission. Based on the concepts ‘cognitive load’, ‘episodic future thought’, ‘avoidance strategies’ and ‘impression management’ we expected the recall of truthful intentions and past activities to be more plausible and detailed than descriptions of deceptive intentions and past activities. Participants in Experiment 2 read transcripts of these interviews. Although Experiment 1 revealed more cues to deceit in the past activities interviews (plausibility and detail) than in the intentions interviews (plausibility), participants in Experiment 2 were best at distinguishing between true and false intent.
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