| 1. |
- Agfors, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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KEMI : den gränslösa vetenskapen
- 2011
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Kemi – handlar inte det bara om farliga ämnen och onödiga tillsatser? Det är kanske bildenmånga har av kemi, men faktum är att utan kemi skulle vi inte ha det höga välstånd vi har i dag.Tack vare kemisk kunskap har vi tillgång till läkemedel som botar sjukdomar och lindrar smärta– med hjälp av syntetiska antibiotika kan infektionssjukdomar som tidigare var dödliga botas,magsår kan behandlas utan dyra och plågsamma operationer och många cancerformer kanframgångsrikt behandlas med syntetiska preparat. Konstgödsel och medel som hindrar skadeinsektergör att skördar kan ökas och svälten i världen därigenom begränsas. Tack vare kemin harvi även tillgång till alla de material vi behöver för att tillverka allt från kläder, rengöringsprodukteroch kosmetika till bilar, TV-apparater och reservdelar till kroppen. Det är genom kemisk syntes vikan framställa dessa och alla de övriga produkter vi behöver för vårt dagliga liv och det är keminsom visar vägen till hållbar produktion som utnyttjar förnybara råvaror och ger minimala mängderavfall. Kemisk kunskap är också oumbärlig för utveckling av nanoteknik och medicinskdiagnostik och andra till kemin angränsande områden. Kemin bidrar alltså till att finna lösningartill många av de komplexa globala problem vi står inför: hälsa, klimat, brist på råvaror, utnyttjandetav nya energikällor och tillgång till livsmedel för att föda jordens ökande befolkning. DET ÄR OM ALLT DETTA DEN HÄR BOKEN HANDLAR.
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| 2. |
- Ankerfors, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Using jet mixing to prepare polyelectrolyte complexes : Complex properties and their interaction with silicon oxide surfaces
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9797 .- 1095-7103. ; 351:1, s. 88-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of mixing procedure on the properties of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) was investigated using two complexation techniques, polyelectrolyte titration and jet mixing, the latter being a new method for PEC preparation. For the low-molecular-weight polyelectrolytes polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyallyl amine hydrochloride (PAH), shorter mixing times produced smaller PECs, whereas for higher molecular weights of the same polyelectrolytes, PEC size first decreased with decreasing mixing time to a certain level, after which it started increasing again. This pattern was likely due to the diffusion-controlled formation of "pre-complexes", which, in the case of low-molecular-weight polymers, occurs sufficiently quickly to form stable complexes; when polyelectrolytes are larger, however, non-equilibrium pre-complexes, more prone to aggregation, are formed. Comparing the techniques revealed that jet mixing produced smaller complexes, allowing PEC size to be controlled by mixing time, which was not the case with polyelectrolyte titration. Higher polyelectrolyte concentration during jet mixing led to the formation of larger PECs. It was also demonstrated that PEC size could be changed after preparation: increasing the pH of the PEC dispersion led to an irreversible increase in PEC size, whereas lowering the pH did not influence PEC size. The adsorption behavior of PECs formed from weak polyelectrolytes on model substrates was studied using QCM-D, SPAR, and AFM imaging; the results indicated that increasing the pH increased the amount of PECs adsorbed to model surfaces. However, the amount of PECs adsorbed to the model surfaces was low compared with other systems in all studied cases.
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| 3. |
- Fall, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Colloidal Stability of Aqueous Nanofibrillated Cellulose Dispersions
- 2011
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 27:18, s. 11332-11338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose nanofibrils constitute an attractive raw material for carbon-neutral, biodegradable, nanostructured materials. Aqueous suspensions of these nanofibrils are stabilized by electrostatic repulsion arising from deprotonated carboxyl groups at the fibril surface. In the present work, a new model is developed for predicting colloidal stability by considering deprotonation and electrostatic screening. This model predicts the fibril-fibril interaction potential at a given pH in a given ionic strength environment. Experiments support the model predictions that aggregation is induced by decreasing the pH, thus reducing the surface charge, or by increasing the salt concentration. It is shown that the primary mechanism for aggregation upon the addition of salt is the surface charge reduction through specific interactions of counterions with the deprotonated carboxyl groups, and the screening effect of the salt is of secondary importance.
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| 4. |
- Hamedi, Mahiar M., et al.
(författare)
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Highly Conducting, Strong Nanocomposites Based on Nanocellulose-Assisted Aqueous Dispersions of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
- 2014
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Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 8:3, s. 2467-2476
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is challenging to obtain high-quality dispersions of single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) in composite matrix materials, in order to reach the full potential of mechanical and electronic properties. The most widely used matrix materials are polymers, and the route to achieving high quality dispersions of SWNT is mainly chemical functionalization of the SWNT. This leads to increased cost, a loss of strength and lower conductivity. In addition full potential of colloidal self-assembly cannot be fully exploited in a polymer matrix. This may limit the possibilities for assembly of highly ordered structural nanocomposites. Here we show that nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) can act as an excellent aqueous dispersion agent for as-prepared SWNTs, making possible low-cost exfoliation and purification of SWNTs with dispersion limits exceeding 40 wt %. The NFC:SWNT dispersion may also offer a cheap and sustainable alternative for molecular self-assembly of advanced composites. We demonstrate semitransparent conductive films, aerogels and anisotropic microscale fibers with nanoscale composite structure. The NFC:SWNT nanopaper shows increased strength at 3 wt % SWNT, reaching a modulus of 133 GPa, and a strength of 307 MPa. The anisotropic microfiber composites have maximum conductivities above 200 S cm(-1) and current densities reaching 1400 A cm(-2).
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| 5. |
- Illergård, Josefin, et al.
(författare)
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Interactions of Hydrophobically Modified Polyvinylamines : Adsorption Behavior at Charged Surfaces and the Formation of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers with Polyacrylic Acid
- 2010
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 2:2, s. 425-433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure and adsorption behaviors of two types of hydrophobically modified polyvinylamines (PVAm) containing substituents of hexyl and octyl chains were compared to a native polyvinylamine sample. The conformation of dissolved polyvinylamines was studied in aqueous salt solutions using dynamic light scattering. Modified PVAm showed hydrodynamic diameters similar to native PVAm, which indicated that all PVAm polymers were present as single molecules in solution. The adsorption of the polyvinylamines, both native and hydrophobically modified, from aqueous solution onto negatively charged silica surfaces was studied in situ by reflectometry and quartz crystal microgravimetry with dissipation. Polyelectrolyte multilayers; (PEM) with up to nine individual layers were formed together with poly(acrylic acid). Obtained PEM structures were rigid and showed high adsorbed amounts combined with low dissipation, with similar results for both the modified and unmodified PVAm. This suggests that electrostatics dominated the PEM formation. At lower salt concentrations, the hydrophobically modified PVAm produced multilayers with low water contents, indicating that secondary interactions induced by the hydrophobic constituents can also have a significant influence on the properties of the formed layers. The surface structure of PEMs with nine individual layers was imaged in dry state using atomic force microscopy in a dynamic mode. Modified PVAm was found to induce a different structure of the PEM at 100 mM, with larger aggregates compared to those of native PVAm. From these results, it is proposed that modified PVAm can induce aggregation within the PEM, whereas PVAm remains as single molecules in solution.
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| 6. |
- Joby Kochumalayil, Jose, et al.
(författare)
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Bioinspired and highly oriented clay nanocomposites with a xyloglucan biopolymer matrix : Extending the range of mechanical and barrier properties
- 2013
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 14:1, s. 84-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of clay bionanocomposites requires processing routes with nanostructural control. Moreover, moisture durability is a concern with water-soluble biopolymers. Here, oriented bionanocomposite coatings with strong in-plane orientation of clay platelets are for the first time prepared by continuous water-based processing. Montmorillonite (MTM) and a "new" unmodified biological polymer (xyloglucan (XG)) are combined. The resulting nanocomposites are characterized by FE-SEM, TEM, and XRD. XG adsorption on MTM is measured by quartz crystal microbalance analysis. Mechanical and gas barrier properties are measured, also at high relative humidity. The reinforcement effects are modeled. XG dimensions in composites are estimated using atomistic simulations. The nanostructure shows highly oriented and intercalated clay platelets. The reinforcement efficiency and effects on barrier properties are remarkable and are likely to be due to highly oriented and well-dispersed MTM and strong XG-MTM interactions. Properties are well preserved in humid conditions and the reasons for this are discussed.
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| 7. |
- Larsson, Per A., et al.
(författare)
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Ductile All-Cellulose Nanocomposite Films Fabricated from Core-Shell Structured Cellulose Nanofibrils
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 15:6, s. 2218-2223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulosic materials have many desirable properties such as high mechanical strength and low oxygen permeability and will be an important component in a sustainable biomaterial-based society, but unfortunately they often lack the ductility and formability offered by petroleum-based materials. This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of nanocomposite films made of core-shell modified cellulose nanofibrils (CNEs) surrounded by a shell of ductile dialcohol cellulose, created by heterogeneous periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction of the native cellulose in the external parts of the individual fibrils. The oxidation with periodate selectively produces dialdehyde cellulose, and the process does not increase the charge density of the material. Yet the modified cellulose fibers could easily be homogenized to CNFs. Prior to film fabrication, the CNF was shown by atomic force microscopy to be 0.5-2 mu m long and 4-10 nm wide. The films were fabricated by filtration, and besides uniaxial tensile testing at different relative humidities, they were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and oxygen permeability. The strength-at-break at 23 degrees C and 50% RH was 175 MPa, and the films could, before rupture, be strained, mainly by plastic deformation, to about 15% and 37% at 50% RH and 90% RH, respectively. This moisture plasticization was further utilized to form a demonstrator consisting of a double-curved structure with a nominal strain of 24% over the curvature. At a relative humidity of 80%, the films still acted as a good oxygen barrier, having an oxygen permeability of 5.5 mL-mu L/(m(2).24 h.kPa). These properties indicate that this new material has a potential for use as a barrier in complex-shaped structures and hence ultimately reduce the need for petroleum-based plastics.
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| 8. |
- Larsson, Per A., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Ductile cellulose nanocomposite films fabricated from nanofibrillated cellulose after partial conversion to dialcohol cellulose
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ductile nanofibrillar nanocomposite films with a strain at break of 18%, and a tensile strength of 185 MPa, have been fabricated from nanofibrillated bleached kraft fibres partially converted to dialcohol cellulose prior to homogenisation. The conversion to dialcohol cellulose was performed by oxidation with sodium periodate to a degree of oxidation of ca. 30%, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride, and the fabricated films consequentially had one stiff cellulose phase and one flexible dialcohol cellulose phase. The liberated nanofibrils were characterised by AFM, after adsorption onto a silica surface, and imaging in tapping mode showed a blend of elementary fibrils with a width of 5 nm and inter-entangled fibril aggregates with a width of 15-20 nm. Besides good mechanical properties, the films also provided good barrier properties; at 0% RH the oxygen permeability was 2 ml·µm/(m2·d·kPa).
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| 9. |
- Larsson, Per A., et al.
(författare)
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Highly ductile fibres and sheets by core-shell structuring of the cellulose nanofibrils
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 21:1, s. 323-333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A greater ductility of cellulosic materials is important if they are to be used in increasingly advanced applications. This study explores the potential for using chemical core-shell structuring on the nanofibril level to alter the mechanical properties of cellulose fibres and sheets made thereof. The structuring was achieved by a selective oxidation of the cellulose C2-C3 bonds with sodium periodate, followed by a reduction of the aldehydes formed with sodium borohydride, i.e. locally transforming cellulose to dialcohol cellulose. The resulting fibres were morphologically characterised and the sheets made of these modified fibres were mechanically tested. These analyses showed a minor decrease in the degree of polymerisation, a significantly reduced cellulose crystal width and a greater ductility. At 27 % conversion of the available C2-C3 bonds, sheets could be strained 11 %, having a stress at break of about 90 MPa, and consequently a remarkable tensile energy absorption at rupture of about 9 kJ/kg, i.e. 3-4 times higher than a strong conventional paper. Zero-span tensile measurements indicated that the treatment increased the ductility not only of sheets but also of individual fibres. This suggests that the amorphous and molecularly more mobile dialcohol cellulose is located as a shell surrounding the crystalline core of the cellulose fibrils, and that, at deformations beyond the yield point, this facilitates plastic deformation both within and between individual fibres.
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| 10. |
- Ondaral, Sedat, et al.
(författare)
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Surface-Induced Rearrangement of Polyelectrolyte Complexes : Influence of Complex Composition on Adsorbed Layer Properties
- 2010
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 26:18, s. 14606-14614
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The adsorption characteristics of two different types of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). prepared by mixing poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic acid) in a confined impinging jet (CIJ) mixer, have been investigated with the aid of stagnation point adsorption reflectometry (SPAR), a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), and atomic force microscopy (A FM) using SiO2 surfaces The two sets of PEC were prepared by combining high molecular mass PAH/FAA (PEC-A) and low molt:cubit mass PAH/PAA (PEC-B) The PEC-A showed a higher adsorption to the SiO2 surfaces than the PEC-B The adsorption of the PEC-A also showed a larger change in the dissipation (AD), according to the QCM-D measurements, suggesting that the adsorbed layer of these complexes had a relatively lower viscosity and a lower shear modulus Complementary investigations of the adsorbed layer using A FM imaging showed that the adsorbed layer of PEC-A was significantly different from that of PEC-B and that the changes in properties with adsorption time were very different for the two types of PECs The PEC-A complexes showed a coalescence into larger block of complexes on the SiO2 surface, but this was not detected with the PEC-B The size determinations of the complexes in solution showed that they were very stable over time, and it was therefore concluded that the coalescence of the complexes was induced I the interaction between the complexes and the surface The results also indicated that polyelectrolytes can migrate between the different complexes adsorbed to the surface The results also give indications that the preparation of PEC-B leads to the formation of two different types of polyelectrolyte complexes differing in the amount of polymer in the complexes: i.e., two populations of complexes were formed with similar sizes but with totally different adsorption structures at the solid-liquid interface.
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