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- Hillier, Ladeana W, et al.
(författare)
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Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 432:7018, s. 695-716
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.
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| 4. |
- Mann, D. L., et al.
(författare)
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Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL)
- 2004
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Ingår i: Circulation. - 1524-4539. ; 109:13, s. 1594-602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Studies in experimental models and preliminary clinical experience suggested a possible therapeutic role for the soluble tumor necrosis factor antagonist etanercept in heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with New York Heart Association class II to IV chronic heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction < or =0.30 were enrolled in 2 clinical trials that differed only in the doses of etanercept used. In RECOVER, patients received placebo (n=373) or subcutaneous etanercept in doses of 25 mg every week (n=375) or 25 mg twice per week (n=375). In RENAISSANCE, patients received placebo (n=309), etanercept 25 mg twice per week (n=308), or etanercept 25 mg 3 times per week (n=308). The primary end point of each individual trial was clinical status at 24 weeks. Analysis of the effect of the 2 higher doses of etanercept on the combined outcome of death or hospitalization due to chronic heart failure from the 2 studies was also planned (RENEWAL). On the basis of prespecified stopping rules, both trials were terminated prematurely owing to lack of benefit. Etanercept had no effect on clinical status in RENAISSANCE (P=0.17) or RECOVER (P=0.34) and had no effect on the death or chronic heart failure hospitalization end point in RENEWAL (etanercept to placebo relative risk=1.1, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.33, P=0.33). CONCLUSIONS: The results of RENEWAL rule out a clinically relevant benefit of etanercept on the rate of death or hospitalization due to chronic heart failure.
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| 6. |
- Alkebro, J, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanical alloying of alumina-yttria powder mixtures
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Ceramic Society. - 0955-2219 .- 1873-619X. ; 20:12, s. 2169-2174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mechanical alloying has been used to prepare powder mixtures of alumina and yttria as a means to create composites with a dominant matrix phase together with small particles of a dispersed second phase. The yttria-alumina system, containing five possible phases, has the potential for creating eight combinations of matrix and dispersed phases. Here compositions designed to give YAlO3(YA) dispersed in Y3Al5O12(Y3A5 i.e. YAG) or Y4Al2O9(Y2A) were studied. After milling with steel tools for times up to 8 h, the powders were subjected to thermal cycles up to 1500 °C during which the phase evolution was monitored using X-ray diffractometry (including high-temperature XRD) and differential thermal analysis. During milling the original crystal structures were quickly broken down, in some cases partially replaced by an intermediate structure after milling. Upon subsequent heating the milled mixtures crystallized to give the expected phases, YA in Y3A5 and YA in Y2A respectively, but the reaction route was seen to be different depending on the amount of amorphization of the yttria. Contamination by iron was seen to affect the phase distribution and the lattice parameters.
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| 7. |
- Alkebro, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling high-energy ball milling in the alumina-yttria system
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Solid State Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4596 .- 1095-726X. ; 164:1, s. 88-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental results from high-energy ball milling of alumina-yttria powder mixtures have been analyzed with models collected from the literature. Depending on the milling conditions, either there is formation of an intermediate phase in the alumina-yttria system (yttrium aluminum perovskite, YAP), or the sample becomes mostly amorphous. Variations due to milling tool material can be accounted for by local models based on the Hertzian theory of elastic bodies, but the effects of changing mills are poorly accounted for by published models. Therefore, the concept of an impact frequency distribution over the energy spectrum is introduced as a tool for studying the characteristics of the mills. The pressure on the powder trapped between two colliding bodies has been found to be the factor deciding the outcome of the process. The threshold behavior of the system yields an amorphous structure for low pressures, and formation of YAP when impact pressures exceed the threshold value.
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| 8. |
- Alkebro, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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Two-phase materials in the alumina-yttria system produced by mechanical alloying
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings. - Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. - 0196-6219 .- 1940-6339. ; 21:4, s. 87-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mechanical alloying has been used to prepare a mixture of alumina and yttria as a means to create composites with a dominant matrix phase with small particles of a dispersed second phase. A way of avoiding possible problems with the contamination from the milling tools, is to use balls and vials in a material belonging to the system. Here a mixture of 37.9 wt% alumina and 62.1 wt% yttria has been milled with steel and alumina tools for times up to 8 h. The milled powder was subjected to thermal cycles up to 1500°C during which the phase evolution was monitored using X-ray diffractometry (including high-temperature XRD) and differential thermal analysis. The results show that although the loss of mass from alumina milling tools does not move the system from the alumina-yttria binary system, the large amounts of alumina added to the system cause difficulties in controlling the process. The phase evolution of the powders, both during milling and subsequent heat treatment, can be controlled by altering parameters of the milling, such as the density of the balls, the milling time, the powder to ball mass ratio and the hardness of the milling tools.
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