| 1. |
- Averfalk, Helge, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Economic benefits of fourth generation district heating
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy. - London, UK : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main impetus for lower distribution temperatures in district heating systems is the lower heat supply costs obtained by these lower temperatures. In this paper, the differences in heat supply costs for two different temperature levels have been estimated for various future heat supply options. The estimations were obtained by modelling a district heating system characterised by typical climate conditions for Central Europe. High sensitivity to lower supply costs from lower temperatures was found for geothermal heat, industrial excess heat, and heat pumps, whereas low cost sensitivity was estimated for combined heat and power plants using waste or biomass. Lower heat distribution loss constitutes a minor component of the total cost reductions. The current use of high heat distribution temperatures was identified as an important barrier for the transition to renewable and recycled heat supply in district heating systems. Hence, lower distribution temperatures would facilitate this required transition because lower distribution temperatures provide higher profitability for these renewable and recycled heat sources. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 2. |
- Averfalk, Helge, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Low-Temperature District Heating Implementation Guidebook : Final Report of IEA DHC Annex TS2. Implementation of Low-Temperature District Heating Systems
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This guidebook was written between 2018 and 2021 by seventeen authors that used approximately 15 000 hours of work within the IEA DHC TS2 annex. The content is based on more than 250 literature references and 165 inspiration initiatives to obtain lower temperatures in buildings and heat distribution networks. The author group wrote 40 internal documents about early implementations of low-temperature district heating. Fifteen of these early implementations are presented in this guidebook.The guidebook contains aggregated information about the main economic drivers for low-temperature district heating. It shows how to obtain lower temperatures in heating systems inside existing and new buildings, as well as in existing and new heat distribution networks. An applied study of a campus system in Darmstadt shows the possibility of reducing temperatures in an existing heat distribution network with rather high temperatures. The competitiveness of low-temperature district heating is explored by analysing business models and heat distribution costs. Early adopters of low-temperature district heating are presented by examples and by identified transition strategies. Five groups of network configurations with fourteen variants are presented to be used for low-temperature district heating. Finally, all 165 identified inspiration initiatives and all 137 locations mentioned are listed.
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| 3. |
- Gadd, Henrik, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal energy storage systems for district heating and cooling
- 2021. - 2
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Ingår i: Advances in Thermal Energy Storage Systems. - Duxford : Woodhead Publishing Limited. - 9780128198858 - 9780128198889 ; , s. 625-638
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The context is the current use and typical applications of thermal energy storages within contemporary district heating and cooling systems. Storage examples and experiences are mostly provided from the Nordic countries in Europe. No focus is directed toward new storage methods or technical development of the current storage technologies used. Issues discussed are cash flows from storages, a variation assessment method, central versus distributed heat storages, hourly heat storage in networks, daily storages in both district heating and cooling systems, weekly heat storages, and seasonal heat storages. Recent investment costs are also summarized.
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| 4. |
- Johansen, Katinka, et al.
(författare)
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Something is sustainable in the state of Denmark : A review of the Danish district heating sector
- 2022
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 158
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides a coherent review of district heating in Denmark, exploring past, present and future perspectives. Danish district heating is known as unique internationally in terms of heat planning strategies, technical solutions and combinations, energy efficiency and sustainability, ownership models and financing, and it has captured the attention of district heating communities and stakeholders worldwide from the early days. Historically, a ban on landfills incentivised waste incineration, and the strategic integration of combined heat and power plants and recycling of waste heat from industry all increased energy efficiency in the energy system. Ultimately, this contributed to the top World Energy Council ranking of the Danish energy system according to the energy trilemma criteria. A cooperative mind-set, welfare state values and the notions of energy efficiency-, availability-, independency- and sustainability were all pivotal for the evolution of the district heating networks throughout Denmark. Other unique features of the Danish district heating sector include large-scale collective heat planning, the mandatory connection, the non-profit principle, the same approximate price for customers irrespective of heat density, and the relatively high average price of district heating. Moreover, district heating knowledge hubs have led to world-wide exports of district heating technologies and know-how. Future challenges for the Danish district heating sector include increasing biomass import dependency, the changing role of combined heat and power plants in the energy system, transitions to non-combustion heat supplies, and competition from individual heat pumps in single-family houses. However, future ‘smart’ thermal grids will increasingly facilitate sector coupling processes as more renewable energy resources are integrated into the energy system in Denmark and internationally. © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 5. |
- Lund, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on fourth and fifth generation district heating
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy. - London : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fourth-generation district heating (4GDH) has been used as a label or expression since 2008 to describe a transition path for decarbonization of the district heating sector and was defined in more detail in 2014. During recent years, several papers have been published on a concept called fifth generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC). This article identifies differences and similarities between 4GDH and 5GDHC regarding aims and abilities. The analysis shows that these two are common not only in the overarching aim of decarbonization but that they also to some extent share the five essential abilities first defined for 4GDH. The main driver for 5GDHC has been a strong focus on combined heating and cooling, using a collective network close to ambient temperature levels as common heat source or sink for building-level heat pumps. It is found that 5GDHC can be regarded as a promising technology with its own merits, yet a complementary technology that may coexist in parallel with other 4GDH technologies. However, the term “generation” implies a chronological succession, and the label 5GDHC does not seem compatible with the established labels 1GDH to 4GDH. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Sánchez-García, Luis, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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A Closer Look at the Effective Width for District Heating Systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts. - Aalborg : Aalborg Universitetsforlag. ; , s. 153-153
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- District heating is an important technology for decarbonizing the heating supply in urban areas since it enables the recovery of waste heat that would otherwise be wasted and the cost-effective utilization of renewable heat. Nonetheless, the current general extent of these systems in Europe is very low, hence the need for simple methods and parameters to estimate their cost and feasibility on a large scale. One of these cost parameters is the Effective Width, which enables a first order approximation of the total pipe length in a given area. This concept, in conjunction with the average pipe diameter in the area, permits the determination of the network’s capital cost. However, previous research of Effective Width has relied on a small set of cases and has not contemplated service pipes. Therefore, there is need for a closer look and a deeper understanding of the underlying phenomena that influences this parameter. This study has analysed several Scandinavian District Heating Systems in detail and provides new evidence on the relation between Effective Width and the urban environment for both distribution and service pipes.
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| 9. |
- Schmidt, Dietrich, et al.
(författare)
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Successful implementation of low temperature district heating case studies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy Reports. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 2352-4847. ; 7:Suppl. 4, s. 483-490
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low temperature district heating is recognized as a key technology for the (cost-) efficient integration of renewable energy and waste heat sources in our energy systems. Several studies indicate that a deployment of local district heating schemes is a key measure for reaching the politically set climate goals. Further, implementation of low temperature district heating systems are recommended for taking maximum advantages of synergies with other sectors for decarbonization of the heating sector. Within the IEA DHC Annex TS2 project already realized low temperature community energy system concepts as well as planned or designed systems are identified and visualized. Furthermore, projects showing an innovative heat use or operation of buildings are also included in the analyses. The different projects are assessed and compared. The presentation of the demonstrators is set up in such a way that knowledge is generated about the indoor heating system, the district heating system and of the competitiveness of low temperature district heating systems, giving the evidence that these systems are feasible, efficient and reliable under various boundary conditions. The demonstrators further indicate that there are existing challenges, where further research on innovative district heating concepts for integrating decentral feed-in of renewable energy is required. The demonstrators included in the IEA DHC Annex TS2 are analysed in regard to which elements of new knowledge they can generate. For each demonstrator there are specific innovations in focus. Furthermore, the case studies show that the related business models for the utilities change when system temperatures are lowered. The paper presents and discusses the results from current research work within of the IEA DHC Annex TS2 on Implementation of Low Temperature District Heating Systems (Averfalk et al., 2021; Annex TS2, 2021 [1]). © 2021 The Author(s)
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| 10. |
- Sulzer, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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Vocabulary for the fourth generation of district heating and cooling
- 2021
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Ingår i: Smart Energy. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 2666-9552. ; 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fourth generation of district heating is an established expression for new features and configurations. This generation’s overarching goal is to develop heating concepts for smart energy systems contributing to the net-zero carbon emission society by substituting older district heating generations, originally developed for fossil fuels. The evolving technology generation has to consider the future challenges of lower heat demands, increased cooling demands, and integration of renewable and recycled thermal sources. Driven by these challenges, the district heating and cooling community is fast growing and very dynamic in its innovation. This trend can be observed in the development of cold networks for both heating and cooling. Several new systems in Europe, North America, and Asia have applied newly developed heating and cooling network configurations. It is essential to consolidate these novel technical solutions into the entire family of fourth generation at this stage of development to efficiently and effectively deploy and expand district heating and cooling solutions. This paper exemplary discusses ambiguous terms to demonstrate the shortfall of not having a broad and internationally accepted vocabulary. The conclusion gives suggestions for harmonising expressions, terms, and definitions introduced and used during the last years. An interactive vocabulary will facilitate innovation and a common language. ©2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd
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