| 1. |
- Bergman, Olle, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Do polymorphisms in transcription factors LMX1A and LMX1B influence the risk for Parkinson's disease?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-1463 .- 0300-9564. ; 116:3, s. 333-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The key symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons originating in substantia nigra. Whereas, transcription factor LMX1A is crucial for the differentiation of mesencephalic dopamine neurons, LMX1B appears to be important for both the development and the survival of these cells. The aim of this study was to investigate if genetic variation in LMX1A and LMX1B differs between patients with PD (n = 357) and control subjects (n = 1428) by genotyping 33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in LMX1A and 11 SNPs in LMX1B. Three SNPs in LMX1A and one in LMX1B were associated with PD. After splitting for gender, six SNPs were associated with PD in women and four in men. The significances obtained did not survive correction for multiple testing, and our results should hence be interpreted with caution, but are partly in line with a previous report, and should thus be of sufficient interest to encourage further studies of these genes in PD.
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| 2. |
- Gerson, Anna, 1977-
(författare)
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Compensation of Losses in Foreign Subsidiaries within the EU : A Comparative Study of the Unilateral Loss-Compensation Mechanisms in Austria and Denmark
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study commences in the problems related to the restricted possibilities for cross-border groups to take losses incurred in foreign subsidiaries into account upon taxation. These difficulties lead to the situation where the overall tax burden of the group, seen as an economic unit, might exceed its economic capacity. Such over taxation is likely to cause the cross-border group cash-flow disadvantages, liquidity problems, reduced expansion possibilities and it might also effect the organisation and location of the group’s business activities. This study has two research aims; firstly to analyse unilateral compensation of losses in foreign subsidiaries de lege lata, and secondly to analyse the consequences of different alternatives, as well as refraining from taking specific measures, upon opening up a unilateral system to cover also foreign losses de lege ferenda. In these respects, the experiences from the Austrian and Danish unilateral loss-compensation systems, under which losses incurred in foreign subsidiaries are acknowledged, serve as valuable sources of information. The findings in the study are evaluated based on the fundamental objectives that ought to be balanced from the perspective of the group as well as the loss-granting state. These objectives are; the recognition of the ability of the cross-border group, seen as an economic unit, to pay taxes; the prevention of double dip of losses, and the prevention of arbitrary as well as permanent income shifting between MS.
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| 3. |
- Gutiérrez, Lia P, et al.
(författare)
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Registries as a tool in evidence-based medicine : example of KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database)
- 2008
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Ingår i: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. - : Wiley. - 1053-8569 .- 1099-1557. ; 17:1, s. 90-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose To evaluate the value of a registry, set in 'real-life practice', as a contribution to evidence-based medicine and to estimate the impact of information collected in such a registry, on the up to date knowledge in growth hormone (GH)-related disorders. Methods Analysis of data collected prospectively for a pharmacoepidemiological registry-KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database)-in assessing long-term clinical and safety outcomes of GH treatment (Genotropin (R)) in patients with GH deficiency. The study was based on 11374 treated (40000 patient-years of observation) and 263 untreated adult GH deficient patients from 30 countries, in whom background characteristics, clinical values such as lipids and body composition, quality of life (QoL) and GH dosage as well as safety profile were evaluated. Citation analysis for the published papers was also performed. Results The study depicts the clinical picture of adult patients with GH deficiency managed in current clinical settings. It confirms the features previously detected such as increased cardiovascular risk, mostly dyslipidemia and abnormal body composition as well as impaired QoL. There was considerable heterogeneity of conditions resulting in GH deficiency. The large database also enabled study of rare causes of the condition. The 31 out of 36 KIMS papers were cited 544 times, in 125 different journals. Conclusions These findings and the further insight into the response to GH replacement therapy show that the registry methodology is valuable for filling the gaps of information in evidence-based medicine that cannot be addressed by clinical trials.
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| 4. |
- Håkansson, Anna, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Cyclooxygenase-2 polymorphisms in Parkinson's disease.
- 2007
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Ingår i: American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics. - : Wiley. - 1552-4841. ; 144:3, s. 367-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accumulating evidence indicate that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is of pathophysiological importance for the neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). For example, in a large epidemiological study, use of NSAIDs was associated with a lower risk of PD. Genetic variants of the COX-2 gene might therefore influence the risk of developing the disease. The genotype distribution of four common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the COX-2 gene (rs689466:A496G, rs20417:G926C, rs5277:G3050C, rs5275:C8473T) was analyzed in PD patients and control subjects in a Swedish population. No differences could be seen between the PD-patient and controls regarding the A496G, G926C, and G3050C SNPs, but the allele frequency of the C8473T SNP was found to differ when male patients were compared to controls (P = 0.007). In females no difference could be seen between PD-patients and controls. In conclusion, the results suggest a possible influence of the COX-2 C8473T SNP in PD, although it only seems to be of importance in men.
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| 5. |
- Håkansson, Anna, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction of polymorphisms in the genes encoding interleukin-6 and estrogen receptor beta on the susceptibility to Parkinson's disease.
- 2005
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Ingår i: American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics. - : Wiley. - 1552-4841 .- 1552-485X. ; 133:1, s. 88-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The multifunctional cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in inflammatory processes in the central nervous system and increased levels of IL-6 have been found in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). It is known that estrogen inhibits the production of IL-6, via action on estrogen receptors, thereby pointing to an important influence of estrogen on IL-6. In a previous study, we reported an association between a G/A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 1730 in the gene coding for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) and age of onset of PD. To investigate the influence of a G/C SNP at position 174 in the promoter of the IL-6 gene, and the possible interaction of this SNP and the ERbeta G-1730A SNP on the risk for PD, the G-174C SNP was genotyped, by pyrosequencing, in 258 patients with PD and 308 controls. A significantly elevated frequency of the GG genotype of the IL-6 SNP was found in the patient group and this was most obvious among patients with an early age of onset (
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| 6. |
- Håkansson, Anna, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of genes coding for inflammatory components in Parkinson's disease.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society. - : Wiley. - 0885-3185 .- 1531-8257. ; 20:5, s. 569-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several findings obtained recently indicate that inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetic variants of genes coding for components involved in immune reactions in the brain might therefore influence the risk of developing PD or the age of disease onset. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes coding for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma; T874A in intron 1), interferon-gamma receptor 2 (IFN-gamma R2; Gln64Arg), interleukin-10 (IL-10; G1082A in the promoter region), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH; Val379Ala), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1; Lys469Glu) were genotyped, using pyrosequencing, in 265 patients with PD and 308 controls. None of the investigated SNPs was found to be associated with PD; however, the G1082A polymorphism in the IL-10 gene promoter was found to be related to the age of disease onset. Linear regression showed a significantly earlier onset with more A-alleles (P = 0.0095; after Bonferroni correction, P = 0.048), resulting in a 5-year delayed age of onset of the disease for individuals having two G-alleles compared with individuals having two A-alleles. The results indicate that the IL-10 G1082A SNP could possibly be related to the age of onset of PD.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Rendahl, Pernilla
(författare)
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Cross-Border Consumption Taxation of Digital Supplies : A Comparative Study of Double Taxation and Unintentional Non-Taxation of B2C E-Commerce
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Consumption taxes such as a value added tax (VAT) or a goods and services tax (GST) is an important revenue source for several countries, not least within the European Union (EU) which has had a harmonized VAT since the end of the 1960s. The intention of consumption taxation is to tax expenditures made by persons for their private purposes, i.e. the tax burden is carried by the final consumer. In the middle of the 20th century the Internet opened up the possibility for electronic commerce. Many problems arise when the rapid evolution of techniques related to e-commerce is mixed with the objective of consumption taxation, particularly in cross-border supplies to consumers. This study focuses on the cross-border consumption taxation on digital supplies in business to consumer e-commerce from an international coordination perspective. The study presented in this book covers a comparative study of EC VAT, Australian GST and Canadian GST concerning how digital supplies are taxed in business to consumer cross-border supplies. It particularly focuses on if there are risks for double taxation and unintentional non-taxation and identifying the causes for such cases. In addition the possible remedies for double taxation and unintentional non-taxation are discussed. The findings in the study are evaluated based on rationality, which refers to if the consumption taxation upholds the principles that are part of the OECD, Ottawa Taxation Framework Conditions. The principles that are part of the Framework Conditions are; neutrality, efficiency, certainty and simplicity, effectiveness and fairness and flexibility.
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| 9. |
- Shahabi, H Niazi, et al.
(författare)
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Cytochrome P450 2E1 gene polymorphisms/haplotypes and Parkinson's disease in a Swedish population.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-1463 .- 0300-9564. ; 116:5, s. 567-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), which inter alia is located in dopamine containing neurons in the substantia nigra, has been hypothesized to be of importance for the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), either by its production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or by its capability to detoxify putative neurotoxins. Numerous polymorphisms in the coding and non-coding regions of the gene for this enzyme have been reported. Different variants may account for inter-individual differences in the activity of the enzyme or production of ROS. In this study, the CYP2E1 gene was examined in a control population (n = 272) and a population with PD (n = 347), using a tag-single nucleotide polymorphism (tSNP) approach founded on HapMap Data. Six tSNPs were used in the analysis and haplotype block data were obtained. In case of significance, the SNP was further examined regarding early/late age of disease onset and presence of relatives with PD. We found an association between allele and genotype frequencies of the C/G polymorphism at intron 7 (rs2070676) of this gene and PD (P value of 0.026 and 0.027, respectively). Furthermore, analysis of the rs2070676 polymorphism in subgroups of patients with age of disease onset higher than 50 years and those not having a relative with PD also demonstrated a significant difference with controls. This was seen in both genotype (corresponding to P value = 0.039 and 0.032) and allele (P = 0.027 and 0.017 respectively) frequency. As a representative of many polymorphisms or in possible linkage disequilibrium with other functional variants, it is possible that rs2070676 could influence the regulation of the enzyme. In conclusion, our results display an association between the rs2070676 polymorphism and PD. Additional investigations are needed to elucidate the importance of this polymorphism for the activity of CYP2E1 and PD susceptibility.
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| 10. |
- Westberg, Annika, 1972-
(författare)
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Becoming an Adult : Living Conditions and Attitudes among Swedish Youth
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis studies youth from different perspectives. These are the life phaseand the generational perspectives, which have been studied via questions of establishment and individualisation. The main question is whether young people are different because they have not made socially important transitions into adulthood or if they are different because they have grown up under different circumstances than earlier generations. The consequences of the outcome are important because they can indicate what kind of society young people will reproduce. The following conclusions are drawn: First, there are clear effects of social structurations (class of origin and gender) in the lives of young people. They affect the distribution of attitudes towards welfare state expenditures as well as the economic effects in a long-term perspective. Second, there is rather weak importance of role transitions in relation to what young people believe is important for adulthood, role transitions’ importance for the distribution of attitudes towards the welfare state as well as role transitions’ importance in a long-term perspective. Third, increasing age and subtle socialisation processes may be an explanation to the rather weak meaning of role transitions, cause adjustments to surrounding contexts and people’s expectations. It is concluded that the life phase perspective is a more accurate way of viewing young people, mainly because of the impact of social structurations, which are believed to contribute to continuous reproduction rather than complete change of society.
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