| 1. |
- Svenmarck, Peter
(författare)
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Human Engineering of Sensor Fusion Systems in Fighter Aircraft
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A pressing concern in modern fighter aircraft cockpit design is how to present and reduce large amounts of data obtained from several sensor observations of the same object. Currently, sensor observations are presented individually as overlays or in different displays requiring the pilot to control each sensor and integrate observations. The increased number of sensors and communication networks covering extensive ranges has, however, led to a situation that hampers pilots' situation awareness and decision-making. One approach to support the pilot is automatic information management. Although considerable technological research has been conducted on automatic sensor fusion and process refinement, little is known about how to integrate systems capabilities with pilots' decision-making.This thesis focuses on the factors involved in pilots' control of sensor fusion systems for tracking, classifying,and identifying objects, which are presented on the indicators in the cockpit of fighter aircraft. A cognitive systems engineering perspective was applied, since sensor fusion systems by definition automate parts of the information management. The emphasis in cognitive systems engineering is to create a complementary role for technological solutions and operator competence. A comparison of two major programs on decision support systems shows that striking the right balance between available technology and pilot expertise is important for the development of useful systems.Since little research has directly addressed pilots' control of sensor fusion systems, a conceptual model is presented based on systems characteristics and a review of factors likely to be important. The model shows how pilots' mission goals specify a desired situation awareness that determines the control of sensors. Pilots' control sensor fusion systems by designating important objects and areas, and intervening on exceptions of an essentially autonomous system. The systems support pilots' situation awareness with visualization of information and by improving their evaluation of the situation. Remaining uncertainties that delay action are reduced with suitable strategies. A High Range Resolution (HRR) radar identification system was simulated and evaluated for further understanding of the uncertainty in target identity that is important for pilots. The interface for the HRR system shows how supervisory control of system performance, levels of control, and visualization of conflicts are general factors that may be important for control of sensor fusion systems.The thesis shows that an appropriate function allocation for automatic sensor management may have to consider pilots' individual differences in minimizing goal trees and characterizing situations. Such factors may be important for pilots' expectations on sensor management that makes them use and trust system inferences appropriately. Interviews with pilots can provide some understanding of the factors involved in sensor control. However, since many of the judgments and tactical patterns involved in pilots' decision making are overlearned for efficient automatic performance, they may not be able to explain their behavior in detail. The thesis shows that analyzing pilot performance using neurofuzzy models may be a useful way to describe how situations drive responses. The linguistic form of fuzzy rules gives an intuitive understanding of the relationship in a presentational form that can be integrated with sensor management control rules.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Biel, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Active perception in a sensor fusion model
- 2002
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the last decades the research in the sensor fusion area has mainly been focused on fusion methods and feature selection methods. A possible further development in this area is to incorporate a process referred to as active perception. This means that the system is able to manipulate the sensing mechanisms to create a focus on selected information in the surrounding environment. This process may also be able to handle the feature selection process with respect to which features to be used and/or the number of features to use. This paper presents a model that contains a decision system based on active perception integrated with previous sensor fusion algorithms. The human body has perhaps one of the most advanced perceptual processing systems. The human perception process can be divided into sensation (measurement collection) and perception (interpret the surroundings). During the sensation process a huge amount of data is collected from different sensors that reflect the environment. The information has to be interpreted in an effective way, i.e. in the fusion process. The interpretation together with a decision system to control the sensors to focus on important information will correspond to the (active) perception process. The model presented in this paper capitalizes on the properties presented by the biological counterpart to achieve more human-like processes for a sensor fusion. Finally, the paper presents the testing of the model in two examples. The applications used have a safety approach of fire indication, identification and decision-making. The goal is to enlarge a conventional fire alarm system to not only detect fire, but also to propose different actions for a human in a dangerous area for example.
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| 4. |
- Biel, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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ECG analysis : a new approach in human identification
- 2001
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper a new approach in human identification is investigated, For this purpose, a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded during rest is used. Selected features extracted from the ECG are used to identify a person in a predetermined group. Multivariate analysis is used for the identification task. Experiments show that it is possible to identify a person by features extracted from one lead only. Hence, only three electrodes have to be attached on the person to be identified. This makes the method applicable without too much effort.
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| 5. |
- Kalaykov, Ivan, et al.
(författare)
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Intelligent feature estimation, based on human's perceptual features
- 2003
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Ingår i: IEEE international workshop on soft computing techniques in instrumentation, measurement and related applications, 2003. - 0780377117 ; , s. 44-48
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents a relatively new human-computer interaction paradigm, where a human operator's perceptual actions are mimicked by the computer. In this sensor controlled system concept, we estimate a specific feature characterizing, for example, product quality, and apply intelligent analysis and an optimization to assess product quality as acquired by a human expert. The human operator contributes his/her intelligence to this man-machine interaction through learning the measurement system. An illustrative example shows how the human operator's knowledge and experience are learned by a sensor based system within a complex dough mixing optimization process in an industrial bread baking plant. The resulting sensor system acts as an intelligent feature estimator in a complex industrial process for monitoring the dynamical behavior there. The system allows easy sensor observation and makes decisions based on learning interaction with a human.
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| 6. |
- Lindquist, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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New sensor system for drinking water quality
- 2004
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the ISA/IEEE Sensors for industry conference, 2004. - 0780381432 ; , s. 30-34
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A sensor system suitable for measuring qualitative changes In the chemical and the bacterial content in drinking water is presented. The sensor, an electronic tongue, is based on a voltammetric technique and is therefore robust, simple and sensitive to small changes of water quality in the measured sample. The sensor system is constructed so the liquid sample will flow through the sensing unit while measuring continuously. The sensor has a solid construction, does not contain any fragile parts and is independent of how it is positioned. This creates new approaches and the sensor can easily be mounted on a underwater vehicle for continuous inspection of drinking water reservoirs and continuously monitor the quality of the water as well as be mounted directly on a drinking water tap.
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| 7. |
- Lindquist, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Virtual water quality tests with an electionic tongue
- 2001
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Instrumentation and measurement technology conference, 2001. IMTC 2001. - 0780366468 ; , s. 1320-1324
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of the “electronic tongue” has been used in some experiments to establish the needs of fast and virtual monitoring of aqueous samples, e.g., in the monitoring of drinking water quality. More specifically, the performance of a proposed multi-electrode sensor system, used for voltammetric analysis of aqueous samples, is described. It is, for example, shown how such an “electronic tongue” can be used to monitor the quality of water in a production plant for drinking water. It is pointed out that conventional techniques often determine single concentration of the measured test while in many areas of measurement technology the methodology to extract adequate information from the environment, e.g., the electronic tongue, makes a total water quality estimate based on predetermined constraints extracted from complicated pattern structures. In this approach, experiments are conducted using an electronic tongue to virtually monitor the drinking water quality, measured from the raw water in the river to the tap water of the consumer. It can be shown that a system based on the proposed multi-electrode virtual sensor system is able to detect water quality changes. In these experiments, with the use of signal analysis and statistical multivariate methods we are able to estimate the water quality
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| 8. |
- Loutfi, Amy, et al.
(författare)
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Odor source identification by grounding linguistic descriptions in an artificial nose
- 2001
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the the sensor fusion conference. - : SPIE. ; , s. 273-281
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper addresses the problem of enabling autonomous agents (e.g., robots) to carry out human oriented tasks using an electronic nose. The nose consists of a combination of passive gas sensors with different selectivity, the outputs of which are fused together with an artificial neural network in order to recognize various human-determined odors. The basic idea is to ground human-provided linguistic descriptions of these odors in the actual sensory perceptions of the nose through a process of supervised learning. Analogous to the human nose, the paper explains a method by which an electronic nose can be used for substance identification. First, the receptors of the nose are exposed to a substance by means of inhalation with an electric pump. Then a chemical reaction takes place in the gas sensors over a period of time and an artificial neural network processes the resulting sensor patterns. This network was trained to recognize a basic set of pure substances such as vanilla, lavender and yogurt under controlled laboratory conditions. The complete system was then validated through a series of experiments on various combinations of the basic substances. First, we showed that the nose was able to consistently recognize unseen samples of the same substances on which it had been trained. In addition, we presented some first results where the nose was tested on novel combinations of substances on which it had not been trained by combining the learned descriptions - for example, it could distinguish lavender yogurt as a combination of lavender and yogurt.
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| 9. |
- Paulsson, Nils
(författare)
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New Instrumentation for Forensic Applications : Automatic Fiber Detection and Breath Alcohol Measurements
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Two forensic instruments have been developed and evaluated with respect to basic characteristics. One instrument is used for automatic fiber detection and the other for breath alcohol measurement.The fiber detection instruments utilized digital image processing to quantify the content of a reference color in images captured from the investigation material, i.e. tapes with attached textile fibers mounted on transparencies. The investigation material was mounted on a sample table having a motorized video camera for image acquisition. By aid of the HSI-color system (Hue, Saturation, Intensity) and streamlined analysis sequence it was possible to reach a working speed and color selectivity comparable to a human investigator. The analysis sequence was divided into two phases. In the first phase a fast direct color match was performed of an evenly distributed grid in the image. It was not necessary to process every picture element because the fibers were usually much longer than the diagonal of a captured video image. Images that were found having enough reference color in phase one were also processed in a second phase. This phase performed a more thorough image filtration to reduce noise and increase hit-quality. The filter rejected all parts of an image having no or little content of the reference color. Areas with large clusters, e.g. fibers, were on the other hand enhanced.The performance was best for colors in the red region and worst for green colors. Very pale or dark colors were usually not possible to detect without penalties in decreased selectivity. It was also important to have samples with a fairly clean background without interfering particles such as soil and dust. Heavily aggregated fibers could also prevent accurate detection.The breath alcohol instrument was based on the concept of an electronic nose. The main parts were an array of 10 to 14 gas sensors integrated in a gas flow system and a computer for control and sensor response acquisition. The setup was used to quantify the ethanol content in breath from individuals who had consumed ethanol-containing beverages of various quantities. Data evaluation and estimation of ethanol concentration were performed with multivariate methods such as projection to latent structures (PLS) and feed forward artificial neural networks (ANN).Gas chromatography was used in parallel to measure the actual ethanol content in each sample, thereby making it possible to generate learning sets to be used in the subsequent data evaluation.In the final configuration ethanol could be quantified down to 2*101 mol ppm ethanol in gas phase. Investigation of the sensor array revealed properties, which had negative influence on the performance. Besides having slow responses (close to a minute) and recovery (between 6 and 7minutes) the array was also sensitive to humidity and varying environmental conditions. The slow recovery further imposed memory effects when analyzing several samples directly after each other.In a forensic perspective the instrument for automatic fiber detection demonstrated such usefulness that it has been introduced on the market and acquired by several forensic laboratories. There are though plenty room for further enhancements, especially concerning the image processing in the second phase. The electronic nose has demonstrated new approaches to breath-alcohol measurement regarding both the sensory architecture and data evaluation. To be practically useful as a forensic method additional development is still needed. Besides improving or reconfiguring the sensor array, carrying out significant clinical testing, optimizing sampling and improving the gas flow system it will also be necessary to develop a reliable and easy handled calibration scheme that can be used during field operation.
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| 10. |
- Spännar, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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A method for measuring strip temperature in the steel industry
- 2002
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. - 0018-9456 .- 1557-9662. ; 51:6, s. 1240-1245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the steel industry, there are many processes that include measuring and control of temperatures. With higher demand on quality, increased production, and effective energy consumption, the use of noncontact temperature measuring techniques has increased. After the cooling section in a continuous annealing-pickling line, the strip temperature is estimated by using the grey box technique. Temperatures are measured in the cavity between the strip and the roller using radiation thermometers. A model is made for estimating strip temperature using the measured temperatures and knowledge of the physics of the process.
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